ABSTRACT<br /><br />Phalaenopsis orchid is one of famous genera in Orchidaceae family which have high economic value. Phalaenopsis breeding needs to be developed intensively to fulfill market demand for new varieties. The objective of this study was to obtain the information of  morphological and biochemical diversity of a collection of Phalaenopsis orchid which will be useful for Phalaenopsis breeding. Plant materials used were 10 genotypes of Phalaenopsis with various petal colours of white, yellow, pink, deep pink, purple, or combination of yellow and brown. Morphological diversity of 10 genotypes were analyzed based on qualitative and quantitative characters following UPOV guidance for Phalaenopsis, while biochemical diversity was based on pigment content such as chlorophyl, anthocyanin, and carotene in plant roots, leaves and flower petals. The result of this research showed morphological diversity of 10 genotypes used was relatively high, with similarity of 55%. In that level of similarity, genotypes were grouped into two cluster. Biochemical analysis showed that most of genotypes were different for anthocyanin and carotenoid content for each plant organ. Genotype which showed high content of anthocyanin in leaves was Phal. hybrid ‘PH37’ while high content of carotene in leaves was Phal. hybrid ‘PIROUI. High content of anthocyanin in petals were found in Phal. hybrid ‘PH37’ and Phal. esmeralda, and high content of carotene were in Phal. cornucervi and Phal. cornucervi Red. Root with high anthocyanin content was found in Phal. hybrid ‘PIROU1’. There were significant correlation (0.975) for anthocyanin content between leaves and petals, petals and roots (0.953) on Phal.hybrid ‘PH37’, and between leaves and roots (0.874) on Phal. hybrid ‘PIROU1).<br /><br />Keywords: anthocyanin, carotene, chlorophyll, Phalaenopsis, similarity

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Abstract. Sukma D, Handini AS, Sudarsono. 2020. Isolation and characterization of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene from Phalaenopsis and Doritaenopsis orchids. Biodiversitas 21: 5054-5064. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis. The research aims to isolate and characterize the CHS gene nucleotide sequence diversity of nine Phalaenopsis and one Doritaenopsis genotypes. Genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves and used to PCR amplify the gene using CHS specific degenerate primers. Results of PCR amplification yielded DNA fragments of 700 bp. Upon sequencing and nucleotide sequence analysis, we found that the genomic fragments were partial CHS gene from Phalaenopsis and Doritaenopsis genotypes and deposited the sequences in the NCBI Genebank Database accession numbers of KR184089-KR184098. More analysis of the sequences confirmed they shared ranged from 81-99% sequence identities to known CHS genes from Phalaenopsis deposited in the NCBI Database. They also shared 84-100% amino acid residues identity to CHS polypeptides. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic analysis further revealed the determined CHS nucleotide sequences from Phalaenopsis and Doritaenopsis genotypes were closely related to CHS genes from other orchid species.

AbstrakPemanfaatan limbah organik dari perkebunan sebagai media tanam pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.) diharapkan dapat ditingkatkan dengan penggunaan pupuk organik serta pupuk hayati. Penelitian disusun menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah dosis asam humat meliputi 1, 3, dan 5 g. Faktor kedua adalah dosis Trichoderma sp., meliputi 50, 100, dan 150 mL. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis ragam pada taraf nyata 5%. apabila terdapat pengaruh nyata, dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi asam humat dan Trichoderma sp. memiliki pengaruh mandiri dan tidak terdapat interaksi. Dosis asam humat 3 g per tanaman menghasilkan jumlah daun, panjang daun, tinggi tanaman, tinggi tanaman, bobot basah, dan bobot kering tanaman lebih tinggi dibanding dosis 1 dan 5 g. Perlakuan Trichoderma sp. dosis 50 mL per tanaman memiliki pengaruh lebih baik terhadap jumlah daun, panjang daun, tinggi tanaman, dan bobot basah tanaman.Kata Kunci: hortikultura, jamur, morfologi, senyawa organik Abstract The utilization of organic farm estate as pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.) growing media may improved by using biofertilizer and organic fertilizer. The research used factorial randomized block design. First factor was humic acid dosage, which included 1, 3, and 5 g of humic acid. Second factor was Trichoderma sp. dosage, which included 50, 100, and 150 mL of Trichoderma sp. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at 5% level, then continued by DMRT test. The results showed that the application of humic acid and Trichoderma sp. had single effects and there was no interaction. The dosage of humic acid 3 g per plant had higher number of leaves, leaf length, plant height, wet weight, and dry weight than other dosages. The treatment of Trichoderma sp. at dosage of 50 mL per plant had a better effect on the number of leaves, leaf length, plant height, and plant wet weight.Keywords: fungi,  horticulture, morphology, organic compounds

<em>A planting medium that rich in nutrients is needed for oil palm, especially in the nursery phase. This study aimed to determine the effect of various doses of EM4 and to get the best dose of EM4 on the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery. The research method used was a non-factorial completely randomized design with 4 treatments, namely 0 ml EM4 (A1), 4 ml EM4 (A2), 8 ml EM4 (A3), and 12 ml EM4 (A4). Each treatment was repeated 6 times so that there were 24 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed for variance at the 5% level, if the effect was real, it was followed by the least significant difference (LSD) test. Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that application of various EM4 doses had a significant effect on plant height (4-12 MST), the number of leaves (4-8 MST), trunk girth (4-12 MST), and shoot wet weight but did not significantly affect the number of leaves (12 MST), the volume of roots, length of roots, root wet weight and shoot dry weight, dry weight root, the best dose was shown at a dose of 12 ml EM4.</em>