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This paper explores the possibilities of transformable structures in architectural and structural engineering. Key aspects concerning the design, analysis and construction of mobile, as well as adaptable constructions, are explained. The transformation of such structures, intended to meet changing requirements, is done by using mechanisms (deployable/foldable) or reconfigurable components (demountable kit-of-parts). Transformable structures can adapt their shape or function according to changing circumstances, to meet rapidly evolving needs, induced by a society which-progressively-embraces the concept of sustainable design. This is further supported by the understanding that structures are not designed in an end state, but in a transition state, hence 'transformable structures'. Based on how this transformation is realised, two groups of structures can be distinguished. The transformation of the structure is primarily done by either: (i) incorporating a kinematic mechanism, enabling the structure to deploy from a compact configuration (e.g. for transport) to a larger, expanded state in which it can fulfil its architectural function (e.g. providing shelter) or, (ii) by designing and realising the structure as a kit-of-parts system (cfr. Meccano construction toy) with dry, reversible connections between the constitutive components, enabling design for disassembly, whereby all components can be reconfigured, replaced or re-used.

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Living in an age of rapid changes, designers are challenged to create solutions that remain sustainable in a continuously evolving environment. Since most of our earth's resources are finite, these solutions should incorporate efficient material use and reuse. Buildings and structures are always in transition. Facilitating these transformations is vital to the sustainable development of our built environment. With our group we study, develop and assess transformable structures on different scales, in different contexts and for various time-spans and purposes. This paper presents our work on transformable structures, based on four case studies: a kinetic curved-line folding component, a temporary and rapidly assembled structure, a dynamic wall assembly and a BIM tool for material flow assessment of adaptable buildings. Although varying in scale or purpose, these cases demonstrate the same key principles of transformability. Reducing the complexity of the connections and structural system facilitates an easy and rapid assembly, but also allows users and locals to participate in the assembly, maintenance, reconfiguration and deconstruction of the structure. Apart from benefits during the assembly and adaptability, it is important to assess transformable structures and building solutions on their material and cost effectiveness. With BIM tools it is possible to incorporate this assessment already in the conceptual design phases of a project, as illustrated in the fourth case. Keywords: BIM, deployable structures, design for change, kit-of-parts structures, material flows, prototyping, transformable structures. INTRODUCTIONThe complex nature of our built environment subjects it to continuous evolutionary processes. The subsequent changes in cultural trends, global markets and technological innovation increasingly lead to resource depletion and waste production, and thus endanger the self-sustaining nature of our planet. Because most of the earth's mineral and fossil resources are finite, they should be used and reused wisely. Designers are challenged to create solutions that remain sustainable in a continuously changing context. The structures of the built environment in which we operate are never end states, but phases of a process. Facilitating transformations is vital to sustainable development. This requires holistic approaches that take change into account and help alleviate future problems.By introducing transformational capacity at different design levels, we want to maximise the sustainability of settlements, structures and components through time while minimising the waste of resources. We believe that transformability can act as an important catalyst for sustainable development because of the social, economic and ecological qualities it generates over time and the life-cycle resource management it incorporates. With our research group, we study, analyse, design and assess transformable structures varying in scale, context, timespan and purpose. This paper discusses the main principles of the develop...

As opposed to conventional, static structures, transformable structures possess a transformational capacity enabling them to efficiently respond to altered boundary conditions, such as climatic conditions, different locations, varying functional requirements, or emergency situations. Generally, this capacity is provided through built-in mobility (structural mechanisms) or by means of assembly/disassembly of its constitutive members (kit-of-parts systems). The former group demonstrates kinematic properties that allow them to rapidly respond to changing needs by folding, expanding, or by any other form of deployment. Generally they come in the form of lightweight deployable structures that can easily transform between different configurations. This makes them fit for temporary, mobile applications or for adding adaptable sub-structures to buildings. In what follows, the research performed at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel by the Transform Research Group, the Lightweight Structures Lab, and the Mechanics of Materials and Constructions research group (MeMC), all collaborating on lightweight deployable structures, is presented. Through six case studies, diverse possibilities of deployable structures in architectural and structural engineering are explored. Key aspects concerning the design, analysis and construction of mobile, as well as adaptable constructions, are explained. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the intricate relationship between the geometric configuration, the kinematic behaviour and Mobile and Rapidly Assembled Structures IV 1