The study of robustness and connectivity properties are important in the analysis of complex networks. This paper reports on an effort to compare different network topologies according to their algebraic connectivity, network criticality, average node degree, and average node betweenness. We consider different network types and study the behavior of these various metrics as scale is increased. Based on extensive simulations, we suggest some guidelines for the design and simplification of networks. The main finding is that, algebraic connectivity, network criticality, average degree, and average node betweenness capture different properties of a graph. Depending on the nature of the problem at hand, one needs to select which one is appropriate to use as the main metric for network analysis.

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IntroductionLow-salinity water flooding (LSWF) is the practice of replacing the saline produced water that is normally recycled during waterflood operations with another water that has reduced salinity and/or modified ionic content to improve recovery (Bartels et al. 2019) There is no specific degree of dilution of the connate water to achieve the effect, but many cases suggest much lower salinity (Sheng, 2014). LSWF has several key advantages including functioning in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs, low cost of operations, lack of environmental impact, and leverages the industry-wide acceptance and experience with waterflooding. However, even with the wealth of knowledge from academic and industry researchers (360 papers from 2015 to 2019) (Bartels et. al.2019) and 16 review papers, (see Table 1), the technique is still perceived as experimental rather than operational. All LSWF projects require answers to three main questions: (1) how well the target reservoir will (crude oil, brine, rock (CBR) system) respond to LSWF; (2) how much oil will be produced during the LSWF; and (3) what the economics of LSWF for the target reservoir are. Answers to each question are essential in moving the current www.resrecov.com HIGHLIGHTS ➢ Summary of the performance to date of low salinity water flooding for laboratory and field. ➢ Current industry process of assessing and implementing the technique.➢ Basis for formulating a traditional screening tool.➢ Economic evaluation of the process on the field scale.