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Introduction Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause hospital-acquired infections. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to a significant increase in the incidence of acquired drug resistance among clinical isolates of A. baumannii. This study aims to assess the resistance to carbapenems between A. baumannii clinical isolates using a meta-analysis study. Methods The databases of Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Iranian national databases (SID, Magiran, and IranMedex) were searched until 2020. Studies were analyzed based on the random-effects model. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated by calculating the I 2 index. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA (version 14.2; StataCorp, College Station, Tex). Results Finally, 46 articles were found to meet the criteria, with a total sample size of 62,779 cases. Resistance to imipenem and meropenem was detected in 62% and 64% of cases, respectively. The sensitivity of A. baumannii clinical isolates to imipenem and meropenem was obtained at 34% and 37%, respectively. In addition, the highest resistance to imipenem and meropenem was estimated in Asia (67% and 70%, respectively). However, the lowest resistance to imipenem and meropenem was estimated in Europe (50% and 57%, respectively). Conclusion The carbapenem resistance of A. baumannii is a global health problem that affects public health in the community. Based on our results, because of the high resistance of A. baumannii to carbapenems, the extensive use of carbapenems is less recommended.

Background: Although infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in protective immune responses in recovered patients, reinfection with the virus is not impossible. Here we systematically reviewed literature-based-reported cases of reinfections in order to explore the virus-related, clinical, and demographic characteristics of re-infection in patients. Methods: This is a systematic review of all case reports of reinfection since the pandemic has begun. We searched through PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase databases and selected case reports and case series of reinfections by genetically confirmed COVID-19 virus strains. Results: Among 360 cases reported, just 39 cases met our criteria (genetically confirmed COVID-19 virus strains).  The mean ± standard deviation of the age was 42 ± 17.4 (17.4 SD) with an equal proportion of males and females. The Second infection was asymptomatic or mild in most cases. The interval between the first and second infection was from 11 to 286 days. Nineteen patients had no underlying diseases, and four patients were immunodeficient due to immunosuppressive therapy. The First and second infection viruses were from different clades in 20 patients. Close to half of the reinfection occurred in health care workers. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that there is no guarantee that infection with SARS-CoV-2 protects from reinfection and that even immunocompetent patients are prone to be reinfected in the virus strain changes