The aim of this study was to reduce the concentration of dissolved nitrate-phosphate, because it can prevent the occurrence and inhibit the growth of Microcystis bloom waters. The study was conducted experimentally in the laboratory. The Microcystis isolation was carried out in Sutami Reservoir. Then, remediation treatment with hydromacrophyte (Scirpus grossus, Limnocharis flava and combination of both hydromicrophyte) were done during the 15 day incubation period. Abiotic factors were measured on day 0, 6, 12 and 15, but the abundance of Microcystis cells was counted daily. The productivity of hydromacrophyte was measured at the end of the research. The research results showed that hydromacrophytes were effective to reduce nitrate and phosphate concentrations. The combination of S. grossus and Microcystis reduced nitrate concentration up to 99.89 %, while the highest reduction of dissolved phosphate (98.22 %) was resulted from the combination of L. flava and Microcystis. The combination treatment of L. flava and S. grossus was capable to prevent Microcystis growth rate and produced the carying capacity of 65 cells.L-1.day-1 and 6.93 x 10 4 cells/mL.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a big threat to Indonesia and the rest of the world. People with HIV are more prone to opportunistic diseases like tuberculosis (TB) because HIV damages the immune system. AIM: This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors (age and gender) that contribute to pulmonary TB among HIV/AIDS patients admitted to Genteng Hospital Banyuwangi. METHODS: This research uses the Observational Analytical, Cross-Sectional method. We collected data from 372 new diagnosed HIV patients between 2019 and 2021. HIV diagnosis was obtained with a rapid test method. At the same time, a pulmonary TB diagnosis was obtained with Xpert MTB/RIF. RESULTS: We found that 372 individuals were HIV positive, and 63 patients among them were also positive for TB (16.93%). The majority of individuals were male (53.22%), in the age group of adults (26–45 years old) (62.1%). While HIV-TB patients were found among those in adult age group (16.13%), all patients positive with HIV-TB still susceptible to rifampicin treatment. The prevalence of TB among HIV patients did not differ significantly by gender or age. CONCLUSION: We found TB co-infection in newly diagnosed HIV patients. Individuals at risk of HIV infection should be screened early to minimize co-infection with other diseases that can aggravate their condition. As a result, the severity and death rate of HIV patients can be reduced in the long run.

Antimicrobial activity of black soldier fly larvae extract against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria has been discovered. Water-soluble extracts have the most potential and effectiveness as antimicrobials, with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 25 mg/mL for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. BSF larvae also create peptides called defensins and cecropins, which have antibacterial properties. Defensins were the best and most effective peptides in inhibiting bacterial growth, inhibiting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (MIC value = > 29.97 µM), while cecropins were more effective on gram-negative bacteria (MIC value= 0.52 – 2.07 µM) than gram-positive bacteria (MIC value not detected).

Background: HIV/AIDS cases continue to increase globally. A person with a weak immune system, especially people with HIV/AIDS, is very susceptible to various diseases, such as tuberculosis. Tuberculosis infection can be associated with HIV-positive individuals, which is caused by damage to cellular immunity due to the reduced number and function of CD4 cells. Purpose: To determine the profile of HIV/AIDS patients with TB coinfection based on CD4 values in RSUD Ibnu Sina Gresik. Method: The method used is observational analytical cross-sectional. Patients with TB and HIV coinfection were recapitulated from the Case Report Form (CRF). The results are presented in a frequency distribution table. Result: The study obtained information about 36 people with TB co-infected HIV/AIDS cases. Patients with CD4 values <200 cells/mm3 were 35 people (97.22%), and most of them were in the age group of 20-60 years were 35 people (97.22%). Male patients (83.33 %) dominate compared to female patients (16.67%). The duration of TB coinfection in HIV/AIDS patients occurs in less than one month, which is 21 people (58.33%). Conclusion: The profile of HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with TB is based on CD4 values that are more dominant in men, with the highest age being 20 - 60 years.

Mangrove sediment is a habitat for various bacteria, one of them is amylolytic bacteria which has the potential to produce amylase enzyme. Amylase enzyme has many benefits in industry, textiles and medical. The mangrove ecosystem area has special soil characteristics, which have the opportunity to have microorganism diversity, one of which is the mangrove ecosystem in the Wonorejo region, Surabaya. This study aims to obtain potential amylolytic bacteria from potential amylolytic isolates derived from mangrove sediment. Soil bacteria were isolated in Starch media for 2% agar and tested with Lugol’s Iodine reagents to measure their amylolytic index. Character isolates observed included colony morphology, Gram staining, and motility. Of the 27 isolates found there were 3 isolates with the highest index values in their activity, namely isolates A.7, A.27 and A.64. Characterization results showed that isolates A.7 and A.64 were Gram negative bacteria, and isolates A.27 were Gram positive bacteria. And the motility results for the three isolates were negative, with the results of a positive catalase test.