BACKGROUND: Understanding the cost-benefit of vocational rehabilitation services is critical to improve competitive integrated employment outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review was to analyze and synthesize micro and macroeconomic analyses of various types of vocational services which promote the employment outcomes of individuals with IDD. METHODS: This scoping review searched peer-reviewed and grey literature sources published between 2000 and 2020, examining both micro and macroeconomic analyses. RESULTS: A total of 26 studies met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies reported positive effects for the cost-benefit of integrated service approaches such as supported and customized employment. Conversely, our findings show no cost-benefit for sheltered workshops, and in some cases, negative effects. CONCLUSION: Limitations to the included studies as well as implications and recommendations for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.

BACKGROUND: There are differences between and within states in the delivery of Pre-Employment Transition Services (Pre-ETS) for students with significant disabilities early in their career planning process. This complicates the delivery of services for these youth with disabilities (YWD) and leaves gaps in communication between families, educators, and vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselors. OBJECTIVE: To identify facilitators and barriers in the implementation of Pre-ETS to students with significant disabilities ages 14–16. Additionally, to gather data from rural, urban, and suburban areas spanning across two states to analyze the similarities and differences between these states. METHODS: Researchers from Virginia and Kentucky conducted semi-structured interviews with 56 participants representing VR counselors providing Pre-ETS, educators, and families. RESULTS: A majority of respondents stated that starting Pre-ETS with 14–16 year-olds provided numerous benefits. In both Virginia and Kentucky, educators and VR counselors expressed the need for more resources, particularly ongoing training for providing Pre-ETS to younger students in the transition process. Families recommended making activities meaningful and engaging by increasing job exploration and workplace readiness experiences. CONCLUSION: The results of the study provide insight on the implementation of Pre-ETS activities in local communities across two states. Implications are discussed for providing Pre-ETS to students with significant disabilities early in their career planning process.

BACKGROUND: During the onset of COVID-19, universities across the country shifted to virtual modalities. For inclusive postsecondary education programs, this shift required developing new strategies to continue highly individualized supports for students with ID/DD. Navigating this shift demanded collaboration and communication between program staff and students. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this practice brief is to share strategies used in the 2020-2021 academic school year for VCU ACE-IT in College. In this practice brief, ACE-IT staff reflect on practices to support virtual work and school so other inclusive postsecondary education programs can replicate innovative supports. METHODS: To prepare this practice brief, program staff reviewed program materials and identified programmatic changes that occurred during the 2020-2021 academic year. Program materials included student academic and career case notes, employment shift notes, staff meeting agendas, communications between staff and college instructors, and program training materials. RESULTS: Program staff implemented a variety of strategies to improve organization and communication between students, program staff, college faculty, and employers. Many of these systems have been retained since the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Alternative formats for work and school continue to evolve. It is critical for inclusive postsecondary education programs to integrate virtual supports into their practices so students can prepare to enter the pandemic and post-pandemic workforce.

The various mental health disciplines (e.g., counseling, psychology, social work) all mandate competence in working with clients from diverse religious and spiritual backgrounds. However, there is growing evidence that practitioners feel ill-equipped to meet the needs of their religiously- and spiritually-diverse clients. Furthermore, formal education on religion and spirituality remains optional within coursework. Research on religion and spirituality is also noted for its reductionism to observable outcomes, leaving much of its nuance uncovered. This paper will utilize philosophies of secularism and explore the concepts of disenchantment, buffering, and coercion, to help illuminate why our contemporary society and our disciplines struggle with this incongruence between stated values and implementation. Case vignettes and recommendations will be provided to help practitioners and educators.

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