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In this study, a new algorithm is proposed—Asynchronous Averaging and Filtering (AAF) for ECG signal de-noising. R-peaks are detected with another proposed algorithm—Minimum Slot and Maximum Point selecting method (MSMP). AAF algorithm reduces random noise (major component of EMG noise) from ECG signal and provides comparatively good results for baseline wander noise cancellation. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) improves in filtered ECG signal, while signal shape remains undistorted. The authors conclude that R-peak detection with MSMP method gives comparable results from existing algorithm like Pan-Tomkins algorithm. AAF algorithm is advantageous over adaptation algorithms like Wiener and LMS algorithm. Overall performance of proposed algorithms is comparatively good.

Objectives: Lightning activity and its connections with meteorology and aerosol loading over Uttarakhand, with varying topography and climates, is studied using ISS Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard international space station (ISS) data during the period 2018-2021. Methods: To understand the variation of lightning activity with meteorology and aerosol loading the correlation of lightning activity with different meteorological parameters such as surface temperature, convective available potential energy (CAPE), aerosol optical depth (AOD), and convective precipitation is studied. Findings: Very poor correlation is observed between lightning flash counts with the meteorological parameters. Annual variation of lightning activity over Uttarakhand shows maximum during the monsoon season (June-September) with a peak during the pre-monsoon season (March-May) month April. The high frequency of western disturbances defined as warm low-pressure systems associated with moisture originated over Mediterranean Sea travelling from west to east across the northern states are responsible for peak lightning activity during pre-monsoon month April and maximum lightning activity in the monsoon season is attributed to the monsoon convection. Novelty: The study made the spatio -temporal variation of lightning over Uttarakhand and also reveals the connection between lightning and different meteorological parameters in different climatic conditions of Uttarakhand which is first defining the importance of large-scale meteorological processes in the development of lightning in Uttarakhand.