No abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the ideal composition of tobacco waste (Nicotiana tabacum) as a herbal anthelmintic element from local ingredients added to UMB (Urea Molasses Block) and to determine effectiveness for controlling worm infection in sheep. The method used is to make UMB with the addition of tobacco waste. The calculation of EPG (eggs per gram) of worm eggs was used as an evaluation for the degree of infection using Whitlock chamber tools. The degree of infection will be evaluated as the basis for assessing the effectiveness of UMB from tobacco waste in experimental animals. The experimental animals were 10 sheep aged 1 - 2 years (ethical clearance number: 0019/EC-FKH/Eks./2020) infected with worms naturally divided into 4 groups, each group was given UMB containing tobacco waste 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. The results of the study concluded that UMB with the addition of 5% of tobacco waste had the potential to control helminthiasis in sheep. Other results of this study also presented a prototype of UMB products containing herbal anthelmintics (tobacco waste) which could be further developed as an alternative solution before being produced as one of the livestock products that have added value.

The methanol extracts of seven marine ascidian species (Clavelina picta, Eudistoma obscuratum, Atriolum robustum, Didemnum sp., D. molle, Phallusia sp. and Aplidium sp.) from Malaysia were investigated for their repellency effects against four vector mosquitoes (Anopheles maculatus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus). Mosquito repellent activity was assessed by using the test cage described in the American Society for Testing and Materials standard E951-83. The extracts showed a significant degree of repellency against the mosquitoes with ED 50 values ranging from 0.0008 to 0.0746 mg cm -2 . The repellency effects were dose-dependent and selective as the ED 50 values showed variation towards the various mosquitoes. Amongst these, the extract of Didemnum sp., with an ED 50 of 0.0008 mg cm -2 against An. maculatus, was the most effective, comparable to the value obtained with the standard repellent, deet.Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by McMaster University on 11/18/14For personal use only.