A study was conducted to compare the effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (flavomycin) and two herbal natural feed additives (garlic and thyme) with and without a xylanase-based enzyme complex in wheat-based diets on growth performance, carcass parameters, total plasma cholesterol concentration, intestinal traits and the dry matter content of excreta of broiler chickens. A total of 112 day-old male broiler chicks was randomly assigned to eight groups containing 14 chicks each and raised from 1 to 42 days of age. The control group received the wheat-soyabean meal basal diet. In the treatment groups the basal diet was supplemented with one of the following: an antibiotic, thyme, garlic, an enzyme, the antibiotic plus the enzyme, thyme plus the enzyme or garlic plus the enzyme. During the 42-d growth period there were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the broilers between dietary treatments. Feeding the diet supplemented with the antibiotic plus the enzyme significantly increased hot and cold carcass yields compared to the diets supplemented with thyme, garlic, enzyme and garlic plus enzyme. Total plasma cholesterol concentration, the dry matter content of excreta and the relative weights of the heart, pancreas, liver, gizzard and spleen were not significantly influenced by dietary treatments. The relative weight of the small intestines of the broilers receiving the diets supplemented with the antibiotic, antibiotic plus enzyme, thyme plus enzyme and garlic plus enzyme were significantly less than those of the broilers fed the basal diet and the diets supplemented with thyme, garlic and enzyme. The basal diet and garlic supplemented diet significantly increased the length of the small intestine compared to the other dietary treatments. Broilers receiving the diet supplemented with antibiotic had significantly lower total aerobic bacterial counts in the small intestines compared to those on the other dietary treatments. The combined supplementation of the antibiotic and enzyme resulted in a significantly lower E. coli concentration in the small intestines compared to the basal diet and the other dietary treatments.

This study aimed to detect methicillin resistant and slime producing Staphylococcus aureus in cases of bovine mastitis. A triplex PCR was optimized targetting 16S rRNA, nuc and mecA genes for detection of Staphylococcus species, S. aureus and methicillin resistance, respectively. Furthermore, for detection of slime producing strains, a PCR assay targetting icaA and icaD genes was performed. In this study, 59 strains were detected as S. aureus by both conventional tests and PCR, and 13 of them were found to be methicillin resistant and 4 (30.7%) were positive for mecA gene. Although 22 of 59 (37.2%) S. aureus isolates were slime-producing in Congo Red Agar, in PCR analysis only 15 were positive for both icaA and icaD genes. Sixteen and 38 out of 59 strains were positive for icaA and icaD gene, respectively. Only 2 of 59 strains were positive for both methicillin resistance and slime producing, phenotypically, suggesting lack of correlation between methicillin resistance and slime production in these isolates. In conclusion, the optimized triplex PCR in this study was useful for rapid and reliable detection of methicillin resistant S. aureus. Furthermore, only PCR targetting icaA and icaD may not sufficient to detect slime production and further studies targetting other ica genes should be conducted for accurate evaluation of slime production characters of S. aureus strains.

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SummaryIn this study, phenotypic and genotypic features of 10 L. garvieae strains isolated from rainbow trout farms were examined with 3 reference strains (Spain, England and ATCC 43921) comperativly. Rapid 32 STREP and conventional microbiologic tests were used for determining phenotipic features of L. garvieae strains. Altough there are diff erences, in Rapid 32 STREP system, between strains in terms of β-Glucuronidase, D-ribose, sorbitol, lactose, raffinose, alanyl-phenylalanyl-proline arylamidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, hippurate hydrolysis, urease tests, all strains have been confirmed as L. garvieae by API web. In RAPD PCR analysis, in which ERIC 2 primer is used, L. garvieae isolates were genotyped within 3 separate clusters according to similarity coefficient index of 70%, and it was detected that a vast majority of isolates with Turkey-origin (8 isolates) belongs to predominant type LG1 genotype. In addition to this, antimicrobial tests of L. garvieae strains shows that there are resistance against gentamycin, neomycin, lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin, fl orfenicol and doxycycline, which are frequently used on fish in our country. Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss, Lactococcus garvieae, Rapid32 STREP, RAPD PCR, Antimicrobial sensitivity Lactococcus garvieae Suşlarının Fenotipik, Genotipik Karakterizasyonu ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesi ÖzetAraştırmada, gökkuşağı alabalığı işletmelerinden izole edilmiş olan 10 adet Lactococcus garvieae suşunun 3 adet referans suşla (İspanya, İngiltere ve ATCC 43921) karşılaştırmalı olarak fenotipik ve genotipik özellikleri incelenmiştir. L. garvieae suşlarının fenotipik özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde konvansiyonel mikrobiyolojik ve Rapid 32 STREP testleri kullanılmıştır. Rapid 32 STREP sistemde suşlar arasında β-Glucuronidase, D-ribose, sorbitol, lactose, raffinose, alanyl-phenylalanyl-proline arylamidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, hippurate hydrolysis, urease testleri yönüyle farklıklar olmasına rağmen API Web'de tüm suşlar L. garvieae olarak doğrulanmıştır. ERIC2 primerinin kullanıldığı RAPD PCR analizinde L. garveae izolatları %70 benzerlik katsayısına göre 3 farklı genotipe ayrılmış ve Türkiye kökenli izolatların büyük bir bölümü (8 izolat) predominant tip olan LG1 genotipine dahil olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada L. garvieae suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinde ülkemizde balıklarda sıklıkla kullanılan gentamisin, neomycin, lincomycin, sulphamethoxazoletrimetoprim, oksitetrasiklin, eritromycin, amoxycillin, fl orfenikol ve doksisiklin'e karşı direnç geliştirmiş oldukları belirlenmiştir.

ABSTRACT. Slime factor production and antibiotic resistance of 67 Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from chicken arthritis were investigated in this study. Slime factor productions of enterococci were found as 59.7%. The antibiotic resistances were investigated by testing gentamycin, penicillin, streptomycin, vancomycin, danofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. The resistance rates were found as 62.68%, 76.11%, 67.16%, 13.43%, 47.76%, 43.28%, respectively. For slime factor positive enterococci, the antibiotic resistance rates were found as follows respectively; 82.50%, 87.50%, 92.50%, 17.50%, 72.50%, and 60.00%. In conclusion; the slime factor might play a role as a colonization factor for chicken arthritis and slime factor positive enterococci were found to be more resistant to these antibiotics. The resistance rates between slime factor positive and negative enterococci against the tested antibiotics except for vancomycin were found statistically significant (p<0.05).