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Most internally displaced persons (IDPs) live in low-income countriesexperiencing a war; their psychosocial health has not been well addressed. Objectives: To findout the prevalence of anxiety and depression in internally displaced persons (IDPs). Design:A randomized cluster sampling, case-controlled study. Period: 10th April 2009 to 10th July2009. Setting: This study was conducted at Kacha Ghari camp and Sheikh Yaseen camp forIDPs. Patients and Method: A total of 220 cases (those whom were exposed to traumaticexperiences) were selected through cluster random sampling. 220-matched controls (thosewhom were not exposed to traumatic experiences) were selected same day using the samesampling method. Both sexes were included. Socio-demographic information was obtainedfrom IDP- information form. Anxiety and depression was assessed using Hopkins symptomschecklist – 25 (HSCL-25). SPSS version -17 was used for statistical analysis. Chi square testwas applied for group comparison to calculate statistical significance. Results: More thanhalf of the participants (60 %) in this study were in age group between 18 to 38 years. 55 %of the population were females. Majority of participant were married (86% - 90%) and wereuneducated (74% - 90%) belongs to lower socio-economical class. The total Scores and theDepression Scores on Hopkins symptoms checklist – 25 (HSCL-25), were significant high incase group than in control group with the P values of 0.04 and 0.05 respectively. Discussion:Trauma and torture leaves a permanent scar on the survivors. It has physical, psychological andsocial squeals. Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 is intended to provide primary care physicians,mental health practitioners and other health care providers with an instrument for detectinganxiety and depression in torture and trauma victims. Conclusions: Besides being displacedfrom their residence exposure to trauma come out to be the important causative factor increating psychological disturbance among internally displaced persons.

The Sikh community of Swat has been living in the area since their migration from Hazara in the 19th century. They lived peacefully though dealt with as clients of the Pukhtuns of Swat till 1969 when it was merged with Pakistan. Under the 1973 Constitution, they are equal citizens of Pakistan, however, the practice may not be as prescribed by the State. There are citizens and social forces too, that work alongside state institutions. The post-9/11 militancy has affected the entire region and Swat remained a hotbed of militancy for more than a decade. The paper looks into the status of the Sikhs living in Swat, their economic and social opportunities, the threats that they have faced as well as their perception of their status. The Sikh community of Swat was approached, and a few questions were put before them which were frankly responded. Despite serious threats to the state and society at large, the Sikhs of Swat were not tortured by the militants which indicate that militancy was not an indigenous move. Though a few families migrated from the area but returned to Swat after a couple of years because they were not happy in the ‘other’ social structure.

Though history as a discipline and historical instances are used for different agendas since centuries, it provided new grounds to ‘nation building’ after the emergence of Nation State in the previous colonies during the 20th century. The academicians and writers started writing and interpreting history to serve ‘national interests’ and promote ‘national sense’. Each State tried to sort out common features in the different ethnic and social groups living in that political boundary. The creation of Pakistan in August 1947 was a sort of unique experience when Islam was used as a common factor to unite heterogeneous ethnic entities. The ideological fathers, with the colonial legacy of identity crisis tried to promote common features for the Pakistani Nation. For this purpose, the new state managers formed different commissions which provided guidelines for textbooks writing. The successive governments followed the policy which developed ‘historical content’ in all textbooks for ‘constructing image’ of different individuals, institutions and creeds. This ‘insertion’ in textbooks might have some positive impact in promoting ‘Pakistani nation’ but the process culminated in alienation of multiple ethnicities on one hand and use of historical accounts as a propaganda tool on the other hand. The present paper is an attempt to scrutinize the historical content in the textbooks of Pakistan Studies taught at secondary level in public schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The scrutiny would be dealing with two aspects: a) authenticity of the material; b) presentation. The paper would cover textbooks for grade 9 and 10, published by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa textbook board.

In the last few years, transgender people had become more visible in our society, which had sparked a marked increase in awareness, interest, and attention among researcher. Questions had emerged about the psychological problems and its related causal factors of transgender. The aim of the current research is to explore the psychological problems experienced by transgender in Pakistan, moreover thee researcher was intended to explore the causal factors which may cause the psychological problems. A sample of approximately 7 transgender was collected from Punjab, through snowball sampling technique. The phenomenological tradition was used in order to explore the lived experiences of transgender. The In-Depth Interviews was conducted to get rich information regarding their problems. Ideographic Phenomenological Data Analysis was run in order to emerge themes. Specific verification methods were applied to assess the credibility of the research findings. The finding of the study presented many themes such as rejection from society, disrespect and depression, lack of social support and anxiety, family negligence, social withdrawal, and distress, lack of confidence, suicidal ideation, low self-esteem and insomnia. This study will give a better opportunity to transgender in order to make other people understand transgender problems and difficulties. It will also help to improve psychological health related issues of transgender in order to provide relevant services to them in the more effective way. Counseling, encouragement, and future research implications were discussed.