Graphite as a commercial anode for lithium-ion batteries has significant safety concerns owing to lithium dendrite growth at low operating voltages. Li4Ti5O12 is a potential candidate to replace graphite as the next-generation anode of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, fluoride-doped Li4Ti5O12 was successfully synthesized with a direct double coating of carbon and nitrogen using a solid-state method followed by the pyrolysis process of polyaniline. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the addition of fluoride is successfully doped to the spinel-type structure of Li4Ti5O12 without any impurities being detected. The carbon and nitrogen coating are distributed on the surface of Li4Ti5O12 particles, as shown in the Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) image. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image shows a thin layer of carbon coating on the Li4Ti5O12 surface. The fluoride-doped Li4Ti5O12 has the highest specific discharge capacity of 165.38 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and capacity fading of 93.51% after 150 cycles compared to other samples, indicating improved electrochemical performance. This is attributed to the synergy between the appropriate amount of carbon and nitrogen coating, which induced a high mobility of electrons and larger crystallite size due to the insertion of fluoride to the spinel-type structure of Li4Ti5O12, enhancing lithium-ion transfer during the insertion/extraction process.

Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C anode has advantage of stable operating voltage compared to graphite which cannot be used in high rate power conditions and the dimensions of graphite change when first charging. Addition of Fto Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode can improve electrochemical performance and influence the morphology of the anode Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 . In this study a synthesis process was carried out and the addition of variations of F (0.1; 0.15; 0.2 moles) into Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode using the solid state reaction method. Then the calcination process was carried out with temperature variations of 700, 750 and 800°C. The reaction product is coated with carbon sourced from acetylene and argon gas. The XRD results show the highest peak at 2θ around 17-20°. The addition of F has been successfully carried out on LTO material. Ion F has been incorporated into the LTO crystal structure by substituting O ions without causing changes in the crystal structure characteristics. The presence of element F causes the XRD peak to change in a lower direction so that it becomes more crystalline, with the smaller lattice parameters and unit cells. SEM testing result was carried out to determine the morphology of anode Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C material. At calcination temperatures of 700 and 750°C the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C particles had irregular sphere shaped with nanometer size and homogeneous distribution. However, at a calcination temperature of 800°C agglomeration occurred, so that the particles adhere to each other and enlarge. This condition affects the electrochemical performance of the sample.

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