The quest of most state or governments to adequately cater for the healthcare needs of its people continue to be a difficult task since many states have experienced, and continue to experience, a reduction in allocation of resources to the health sector. The involvement of the private sector in health care delivery is an option being explored by a number of states to augment resources in the health sector with some partnerships between the public and the private healthcare facilities in the fight against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. However, not many empirical studies have been conducted to identify and better understand these partnerships between the state agencies and the private sector in Ghana. This study, therefore, sought to answer questions on the range of partnership and collaborative activities existing between public and private healthcare institutions in Ghana, the need for these collaborations and the factors that hinder these collaborations in Ghana. The study adopted the stakeholder theory as various stakeholders come together to ensure the delivery of healthcare in Ghana. The study revealed that there was no direct partnership between these two groups. They, however, collaborated in some instances under the umbrella of their governing organization. The perceived need for collaboration that was identified under the study was for the protection of human lives. The study concluded that this collaboration is necessary to ensure an efficient healthcare delivery.

With in-depth knowledge of the urban climate governance literature, studies of this nature have yet to be fully explored in the context of institutionalisation. Knowing which aspects are well-researched and where in contrast, research gaps lie, this paper systematically reviews the relevant literature to understand how urban climate governance has been institutionalised in cities and municipalities by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and analysing English language journal articles published between 1990 and 2020 in the Web of Science database. As the concept of institutions is becoming more prominent in urban climate change literature, the findings indicate that urban adaptation was mentioned more frequently than mitigation, among other topics. Moreover, the research gaps encompass several institutional challenges associated with urban climate governance. Therefore, one essential step is to focus on new institutional arrangements for advancing climate goals across multiple localities.

While cities are considered pivotal sources of global greenhouse gas emissions, they are also essential in urban climate governance. The role of NGOs in different contexts is increasing in terms of the mode of governance, but the empirical evidence of how they contribute to urban climate action in small and medium-sized cities, especially in developing countries is limited. Drawing evidence from Ghana, a case study research design was adopted and this facilitated an in-depth understanding of how NGOs contribute to urban climate governance in small and medium-sized cities in Ghana. The primary data collection methods included key informant interviews with two purposively selected NGOs: the Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Organisational Development (CIKOD) and the Green Africa Youth Organisation (GAYO), which is located in the Wa Municipality and the Cape Coast Metropolis respectively. Randomly selected residents made up of chiefs and assembly members, who are the representatives of the people in the municipality, were interviewed. All interviews were transcribed and analysed in generated themes. The study revealed that climate change adaptation actions included local empowerment through capacity building, climate advocacy, and waste management. As a result of the adaptation focus, the paper concludes that collaborations and partnerships among state and non-state actors will help generate greater resilience benefits for local communities. Climate change adaptation programmes, which are often initiated by NGOs, are also steered by local residents outside of administrative systems.

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