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Background: Although, GBS is a natural flora of the ano-rectal region, it may colonize vagina and many infants can be infected during the passage through the birth canal. It has emerged as a leading cause of neonatal infections and deaths. Objectives: To estimate the rate of recto-vaginal carriage of GBS among pregnant females, describe its antimicrobial susceptibility profile and to detect some of its virulence genes by multiplex PCR. Methodology: Vaginal, anorectal and neonatal throat swabs which were collected from two-hundred and fifty pregnant women were inoculated in Todd-Hewitt broth for 24 hours then inoculated on blood agar plates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for GBS isolates was done and its virulence genes (scpB, bca, rib and HvgA) were identified by PCR. Also, the relation between these virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility was studied. Results: Among 250 pregnant females, 36(14.4%) were identified as GBS carriers with exclusive vaginal and anorectal colonization rates of 4% and 10.4% respectively. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, vancomycin and linezolid. On the other hand, 19.4%, 80.6%, 44.4% and 13.9% of GBS isolates were resistant to each of erythromycin and azithromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin and clindamycin respectively. ScpB, rib, and Hvg-A genes were identified in 100%, 69.4% and 33.3% of GBS isolates respectively. None of them had the bca gene. Conclusion: Screening for GBS colonization of pregnant females is recommended and determination of virulence and different surface proteins would be relevant for better diagnosis and further possible formulation of a vaccine

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important etiological agent of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) which is a progressive, debiliting lung disease with multiple co-morbidities. Infections with multidrug resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae strains are usually associated with high morbidity and mortality, long hospital stay and high healthcare costs. Objectives: to determine the incidence of aerobic bacteria isolated from patients with COPD, to detect plasmidmediated quinolones resistance genes (PMQR);5,6,8, among K. pneumoniae isolates and to investigate the relation between antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and biofilm production. Methodology:The study enrolled 25 patients with stable COPD (group 1), 50 patients with AECOPD (group 2) and 25 patients with other chest diseases as control group (group 3). K. pneumoniae isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods and their antibiograms were tested by the modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm production was detected by congo red agar and modified congo red agar methods. Quinolone resistance and distribution of PMQR encoding genes were detected by multiplex PCR. Results: Klebsiella spp. represented 35.4% of all isolates from the studied groups. By vitek-2system, K. pneumoniae was the predominant spp. (94.3%). K. pneumoniae isolates were highly resistant to Amoxicillin (84.9%), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (75.8%) followed by ciprofloxacin (63.6%) and levofloxacin (57.6%). Biofilm production was found among78.8% and 84.8% by CRA and MCRA methods respectively. About 57.6% of K. pneumoniae isolates had PMQR genes by Multiplex PCR. Conclusion: The presence of quinolone resistance in the majority of K. pneumoniae isolates emphasizes the need for establishing tactful policies associated with infection-control measures to prevent dissemination of the multidrug resistant strains