Objetivos: Verificar o perfil de aleitamento materno, introdução de alimentos, hábitos alimentares, estado nutricional de lactentes e relacionar o tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e anemia materna. Método: Estudo transversal com 22 lactentes de 6 a 24 meses. As mães responderam a um questionário semiestruturado e o lactente foi submetido à avaliação antropométrica. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste Qui-quadrado, considerandose o nível de significância p < 0,05. Resultados: 22,73% apresentaram excesso de peso, o tempo médio de (AME) foi de 123,2 dias (DP ± 68,9 dias), 63,63% por tempo inferior a 6 meses. A duração do AME foi associada significativamente ao sexo feminino (p = 0,042) e ao número deconsultas de pré-natal (p = 0,002), 36,4% das mães apresentaram anemia na gestação, que foi associada ao saneamento básico (p = 0,03) e ao número de consultas de pré-natal (p = 0.002). Os alimentos mais frequentes introduzidos antes dos seis meses foram respectivamente, suco de frutas (27,3%), açúcar (21%), fruta (13,63%), arroz ou macarrão (9%), carne ou frango ou ovo (5,3%) verduras e legumes (5%) e feijão (4,8%). Conclusão: A prática do AME apresentase baixa, o crescente aumento da introdução precoce de alimentos mostra-se preocupante, sendo fundamental a criação de estratégias de incentivo e apoio a amamentação, assim como a prevenção de excesso de peso nessa faixa etária.

Objective: To identify the frequency of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6 months to 5 years hospitalized for pneumonia.Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out, where searches were made by two independent researchers, with no language limits or publication time in the databases PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL, and in the gray literature—OpenGrey, Proquest and Google Scholar. In the eligibility phase, the screened studies were read in full and those that did not answer the research question were excluded. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs &amp; Black (1998) checklist.Results: 1642 articles were identified, after all stages of screening and selection, 10 studies were included, of which 5 were longitudinal, 4 were intervention and 1 transversal. All studies identified subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children hospitalized with pneumonia; the highest frequency of subclinical vitamin A deficiency was 93.2%. All studies evaluated showed frequencies of subclinical vitamin A deficiency &gt;20%.Conclusion: There is a high frequency of subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children with pneumonia; these data need to be further explored in terms of their associations. For this reason, new studies that evaluate this topic are of fundamental importance.

This study aimed to identify temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of hospitalization rates for pneumonia in children under 5 years in Brazil. An ecological study was developed using data from the Unified Health System of hospitalizations for pneumonia in children under 5 years in Brazil from 2000 to 2019. Hospitalization rates per 1,000 children were calculated and Joinpoint Regression analyzed the temporal trends. Different spatial analysis techniques were performed. Annual rates of 25 hospitalizations per 1,000 children were observed in 2000 and of 13.83 per 1,000 children in 2019, with a significant downward trend for the country (annual percentage change = −3.4%; 95% confidence interval: −3.8 to −3.0) and for the regions. There was weak spatial autocorrelation; however, there were regions with high rates of hospitalization in the south region and clusters of low rates in the northeast and southeast. Clusters of areas with high hospitalization rates were observed in areas of favorable socioeconomic conditions and provision of health services in the interior of southern Brazil. There is a decreasing trend in hospitalizations for pneumonia in general; however, there are clusters of high rates in the south of Brazil.