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International audienceColloidal single-crystals with submillimeter size (colloidal crystal) are built by self-assembly of gold nanoparticles with nearly similar size (ca.5nm) but different nanocrystallinities. The external shape of the gold nanoparticles was characterized by electron microscopy and related to their nanocrystallinity. A synchrotron-based experiment is used to collect X-ray diffraction patterns from individual single-crystals over the wide q-range relevant to both inter-atomic and inter-particles periodicities. This makes possible a detailed reconstruction of the reciprocal space including diffuse scattering. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that colloidal crystals made of single-crystal nanoparticles belong to the body-centered cubic system while face-centered cubic single crystals are observed in case of self-assembly by polycrystalline particles; a remarkable feature is the preferential orientation of the symmetry axes of the single-crystal nanoparticles along those of the colloidal crystal; on the contrary polycrystalline nanoparticles display random orientation. These results show the importance of the nanocrystallinity for the packing behavior

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