The intense agricultural machinery traffic over the plantation ground can lead the erosion and growth difficulty. The goal of this study was to evaluate the soya bean yield after the implantation of species named “recoverable”, of soil structure. The experiment was developed in plots of 20 m × 25 m, located in the Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná. The plots were cultivated by direct sowing of the following species, considered as treatments: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) beside them no-tillage and no-cover crop planting traditional system (control). Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm-layers with 4 repetitions on each treatment. Soil density and porous soil space were also determined. The plot yield of soybean grains was evaluated over an area of 4.5 m2 for each treatment and grain moisture corrected to 13%. The treatments’ mean yields were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The dwarf pigeon pea and the rattlebox were the most efficient cover crops in the reduction of soil bulk density in 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths. The soybean grain yield did not differ between the evaluated treatments, possibly due to the good precipitation conditions during the soybean growing cycle.

A busca pela redução na pegada ambiental que deixamos em nosso planeta depende fortemente da descarbonificação dos processos de geração de energia. Este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar questões energéticas do biodiesel proveniente de óleo de soja. Para tal, óleo cru refinado e óleo utilizado no processo de fritura de alimentos foram utilizados para produção de biodiesel e, consequentemente, glicerina. O processo  de produção do biodiesel adotado foi o de transesterificação, utilizando utilizando metanol e hidróxido de potássio (KOH). Os ensaios e análises foram  realizadas no Núcleo de Inovações Tecnológicas – NIT, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Unioeste. Foram realizadas três fabricações de biodiesel para cada tipo de óleo, as análises foram realizadas em duplicata para cada biodiesel totalizando seis resultados de cada analise para os dois tipos de óleo, os resultados apresentados são as médias aritméticas das análises. O rendimento na produção do biodiesel de óleo cru de soja foi 5,7% superior ao rendimento quando comparado ao óleo de fritura, 92,80% e 87,10% respectivamente. Análises realizadas com os produtos resultantes, biodiesel e glicerina, indicaram que ambos os produtos se enquadraram a normas regulamentadoras apresentadas pela ANP. Portanto, a utilização de  óleo de soja residual do processo de fritura de alimentos é uma alternativa tecnicamente adequada para produção de biodiesel.

Preventing environmental issues and growing concerns about global energy crises are driving the need for new opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly greater demand for cleaner generation and products, zero-carbon, and sustainable energy systems. This requires developing more efficient transport and energy generation. Changing the transport model to electric is a promising approach for ecological systems and for reducing the problems of climate change. This article inspects the current status, latest deployment, and challenging issues when installing an electric vehicle charging and infrastructure (EVs) system in conjunction with various international standards and charging codes. The article further analyzes the impacts of (EVs) and perspectives on society. A complete assessment of charging systems for (EVs) with battery charging techniques. Besides, the beneficial and harmful impacts of (EVs) are categorized and carefully reviewed. Corrective measures for harmful impacts are presented and the benefits obtained from them are highlighted. Bidirectional charging offers the vehicle's key feature for smart grid technology. In this article, the current challenging issues due to the massive deployment of (EVs) and future research trends are also presented.

Over the last decades, wind energy has been named as a clean method to generate electrical power. But, to claim this argument many aspects must be evaluated. On one hand, wind power, as an electrical energy source, generates minimum environmental impact when in operation. On the other side, the material extraction for the manufacturing process does create environmental impact and require electrical energy usage. Therefore, when claiming the sustainability of wind power, as a method of electrical power generation, many aspects must be evaluated, such as the Life Cycle Analysis of the turbine. This study has been taken to evaluate the energy cost and its payback period off the wind power turbine S-600, manufactured by Greatwatt, has being evaluated. This evaluation has covered the embodied energy in the gross material present on the final product and its energetic payback period, for the specific case of working in a rural area in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The ISO 14040 methodology, for life cycle analyses, has being applied to estimate the embodied energy in the gross material present on the generator. The annual average energetic production estimation has considered 4 cases, varying the voltage output and hub height, and the nominal capacity, claimed by the manufacturing company. To assess the embodied energy payback period, the theoretical generation capacity has been estimated. Thus, by this analysis, this article has concluded that the embodied energy in the gross material is 803.39MJ. The energetic payback period for this product, at 10 meters hub height, is 11.6 months, if operating on 12 V, and 12.6 months, if operation on 24 V. Furthermore, in the situation of installed at 30 meters from the ground, the energy payback period drops down to 5.3 and 5.5 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively. In the situation of nominal generation, the energetic payback period would dropdown to 4.6 and 3.1 months, operating on 12 or 24 V respectively.