Primary and secondary phosphines are investigated as chain-transfer agents for organolanthanide-mediated olefin polymerization. Ethylene polymerizations were carried out with [Cp'(2)LnH](2) and Cp'(2)LnCH(SiMe(3))(2) (Cp' = eta(5)-Me(5)C(5); Ln = La, Sm, Y, Lu) precatalysts in the presence of dicyclohexyl-, diisobutyl-, diethyl-, diphenyl-, cyclohexyl-, and phenylphosphine. In the presence of secondary phosphines, high polymerization activities (up to 10(7) g of polymer/(mol of Ln.atm ethylene.h)) and narrow product polymer polydispersities are observed. For lanthanocene-mediated ethylene polymerizations, the phosphine chain-transfer efficiency correlates with the rate of Ln-CH(SiMe(3))(2) protonolysis by the same phosphines and follows the trend H(2)PPh >> H(2)PCy > HPPh(2) > HPEt(2) approximately HP(i)()Bu(2) > HPCy(2). Under the conditions investigated, dicyclohexylphosphine is not an efficient chain-transfer agent for Cp'(2)LaPCy(2)- and Cp'(2)YPCy(2)-mediated ethylene polymerizations. Diisobutylphosphine and diethylphosphine are efficient chain-transfer agents for Cp'(2)La-mediated polymerizations; however, phosphine chain transfer does not appear to be competitive with other chain-transfer pathways in Cp'(2)Y-mediated polymerizations involving diisobutylphosphine. Regardless of the lanthanide metal, diphenylphosphine is an efficient chain-transfer agent for ethylene polymerization. Polymerizations conducted in the presence of primary phosphines produce only low-molecular-weight products. Thus, Cp'(2)Y-mediated ethylene polymerizations conducted in the presence of phenylphosphine and cyclohexylphosphine produce low-molecular-weight phenylphosphine- and cyclohexylphosphine-capped oligomers, respectively. For Cp'(2)YPPh(2)-mediated ethylene polymerizations, a linear relationship is observed between M(n) and [diphenylphosphine](-)(1), consistent with a phosphine protonolytic chain-transfer mechanism.
Supporting InformationMaterials and Methods. All manipulations of air-sensitive materials were carried out with rigorous exclusion of oxygen and moisture in flame-or oven-dried Schlenk-type glassware on a dual-manifold Schlenk line, or interfaced to a high-vacuum line (10 -6 Torr), or in a nitrogenfilled Vacuum Atmospheres glovebox with a high capacity recirculator (< 1 ppm of O 2 ). Argon (Matheson, prepurified) was purified by passage through a MnO oxygen-removal column and a Davison 4A molecular sieve column. Pentane and toluene were dried using activated alumina columns according to the method described by Grubbs, 1 and were additionally vacuumtransferred from Na/K alloy immediately before use if employed for catalyst synthesis or catalytic reactions. Ether and THF were distilled before use from appropriate drying agents (sodium benzophenone ketyl, Na/K alloy) under nitrogen. Chloroform-d was purchased from Cambridge Isototope Laboratories. Benzene-d 6 , toluene-d 8 , and cyclohexane-d 12 (Cambridge Laboratories; all 99+ atom % D) used for NMR reactions and kinetic measurements were stored in vacuo over Na/K alloy in resealable bulbs, and were vacuum transferred immediately prior to use. All organic starting materials were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. or Lancaster Synthesis Inc., and were used without further purification unless otherwise stated. Substrates 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 were prepared as reported previously 2 , dried a minimum of two times as solutions in benzene-d 6 (substrates 3, 5, 11) or toluene-d 8 (substrates 7, 9) over freshly activated Davison 4A molecular sieves, and degassed by freeze -pump -thaw methods. They were then stored in vacuum-tight storage flasks. Solutions of 9 were protected from light to minimize non-catalytic endocyclization reactions. The organolanthanide precatalysts Ln[CH(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Y, Lu), 3 and Ln[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 4 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Y) were prepared by published procedures.
Organolanthanide-mediated hydrophosphination and ethylene polymerization are coupled in a catalytic cycle to produce diphenylphosphine-terminated polyethylenes. The resulting polymers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, GPC, and DSC and compared spectroscopically to the model compound, 1-eicosyldiphenylphosphine oxide. High activities (107 g polymer/(mol Ln.atm ethylene.h)) and narrow polydispersities were observed in the polymerization/chain transfer process. Polyethylene molecular weights were found to be inversely proportional to diphenylphosphine concentration, supporting a chain transfer mechanism. The present discovery represents the first case in which an electron-rich phosphine functions efficiently as a chain transfer agent in a single-site fn/d0-mediated olefin polymerization process.
A new class of volatile, low-melting, fluorine-free lanthanide metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) precursors has been developed. The neutral, monomeric Ce, Nd, Gd, and Er complexes are coordinatively saturated by a versatile, multidentate ether-functionalized beta-ketoiminato ligand series, the melting point and volatility characteristics of which can be tuned by altering the alkyl substituents on the keto, imino, and ether sites of the ligand. Direct comparison with conventional lanthanide beta-diketonate complexes reveals that the present precursor class is a superior choice for lanthanide oxide MOCVD. Epitaxial CeO(2) buffer layer films can be grown on (001) YSZ substrates by MOCVD at significantly lower temperatures (450-650 degrees C) than previously possible by using one of the newly developed cerium beta-ketoiminate precursors. Films deposited at 540 degrees C have good out-of-plane (Deltaomega = 0.85 degrees ) and in-plane (Deltaphi = 1.65 degrees ) alignment and smooth surfaces (rms roughness approximately 4.3 A). The film growth rate decreases and the films tend to be smoother as the deposition temperature is increased. High-quality yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) films grown on these CeO(2) buffer layers by pulsed organometallic molecular beam epitaxy exhibit very good electrical transport properties (T(c) = 86.5 K, J(c) = 1.08 x 10(6) A/cm(2) at 77.4 K).
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