Aging cannot be defeated in anyway in the world even having new and advanced technology. But molecular mechanism is a successful method to control aging. Many complex and multifunctional factors are the main cause of aging. It is evident that the studies regarding cellular, genetic, and pathological and biochemical changes are exploring more and more pathways linking various diverse mechanism explaining aging. Implications of basic mechanisms of aging for improving both longevity and quality of life in human needs a clear understanding and takes a long time. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicate a growing body even in the presence of fundamental mechanisms. According to oxidative stress theory, advanced and permanent addition of oxidative damage on critical aspects of aging process instigated by ROS influences. Telomeres theory is another, new aging theory that holds many promising possibilities for the field of anti-aging medicine. The theory was originated from the surge of technological breakthroughs in genetics and genetic engineering. Telomeres have also been found related to obesity. Obesity also leads to accelerated cellular processes. A "causative agent in aging" is considered inflammation that underlies a mechanism showing that for survival acute inflammatory response is necessary but long term exposure to different antigens than predicted by evolution cause low-grade inflammatory status which intern contributes to age-associated illness and death. The condition known as "inflammaging".

Purpose Virtual anatomy education was the only way that supported the learning process of the students during the forced lockdown time of COVID-19 pandemic. The intention of the current study was to apprehend the expected challenges experienced by the medical and dental students during their cyber anatomy classes. Methods This study was carried on 300 1st and 2nd year medical and dental students who joined their respective college in January 2020, and consented to participate in the study. A multiple choice questionnaire regarding their stance about these online classes was formed and student’s feedback was taken. Results Most (80%) of the students longed for their traditional anatomy learning i.e., dissection courses, didactic lectures, interaction and motivation from their mentors and peer. The students blamed the learning without live dissections, models and microscopic slides for their lack of confidence. More than 80% students blamed inappropriate gadgets, absence of high-band internet connections, as possible barriers in their digital learning. Lack of self-motivation was considered by 66% students. Conclusions This situation of anatomy education while lockdown was not intentional and should not be taken as the silver bullet solution for a subject like anatomy. Although students had to face a lot of challenges but this shift to online mode went swiftly at the time of health crisis. This digital learning may extend for an indefinite period, the students’ feedback will be helpful in bringing appropriate and timely modifications in digital anatomy education.

The present study was designed to elucidate a relationship between lymphoid organs and reproductive activity in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) bred in a temperate region of Pakistan (30.3753° N, 69.3451° E) in response to photoperiodic changes. The research focused primarily on the relative morphological changes in primary (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs with respect to seasonal variations in the histomorphometry of testicular tissue. For this purpose, a comparable number of clinically healthy Japanese quails were exsanguinated during active (April–May), regressive (September–October) and inactive (January–February) reproductive phases. Following an extensive gross measurement of lymphoid and reproductive organs, a histomorphometric analysis was performed on sampled tissues by employing ImageJ® software. Blood was collected for hormonal and leukocytic analysis. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparison. Testes had the highest parenchymal development in the active phase (80.66 ± 21.22 µm) and the lowest in the inactive phase (27.80 ± 7.22 µm). Conversely, a percentage change was evident in the sizes of primary (bursa: 61.5%, thymus: 46.9%) and secondary (spleen: 23.9%) lymphoid organs during inactive and active reproductive phases. This study demonstrated that a physiological trade-off is imperative between immune and reproductive systems for optimum survivability and reproductive performance.

Background: Partial pancreatectomy is one of the main causes of type II diabetes, which occurs because of insulin deficiency due to a decrease in the number of β-cells. Partial pancreatectomy is the treatment of choice particularly for pancreatic cysts, benign and malign tumors of the pancreas, and pancreatic abscesses. Morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatectomy increases as a result of diabetes and its complications. Purpose: This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of rosiglitazone pretreatment on blood glucose, lipid, urea, and microalbuminuria levels in rats undergoing 70% pancreatectomy. Material and methods: Twelve Wistar albino rats weighing 180-230 g were randomized into two groups. The study group (n = 6) received rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) orally for 4 weeks before and after pancreatectomy. The control group (n = 6) received vehicle. At the end of the fourth week, all rats underwent pancreatectomy, which was performed by removing 70% of their pancreatic tissue. Blood samples were taken from the tail veins at postoperative day one, week two, and week four for analysis of blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and urea levels. Urine was collected from the bladder for microalbuminuria analysis. Results: Blood glucose levels in the study group were significantly lower than the control group at postoperative day one, week two, week four (P = 0.01, P = 0.004, and P = 0.005, respectively). Significant microalbuminuria was present at postoperative week four when compared to the control group (P , 0.05). Triglyceride, cholesterol, and urea levels were within normal limits. Conclusion: This study showed that pretreatment of rosiglitazone increased the tolerance to diabetes in rats undergoing partial pancreatectomy.

Caesarean Scar Pregnancy (CSP) is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. The numbers of cesarean scar pregnancies have increased over the last few decades owing to increasing number of C section performed and also to increasing awareness and early ultrasound diagnosis. CSP have a high risk of uterine rupture and life-threatening hemorrhage, the pregnancy should be terminated once confirmed. There are very few cases in the literature reporting live birth as a result of such pregnancies. Here, we present a 34-years old, gravida 5 women with previous caesarian delivery. At six weeks, a transvaginal scan showed the presence of an ectopic pregnancy within the C section scar, despite this finding the pregnancy was continued to third trimester. This report suggests that successful pregnancy outcome is possible in some women with uterine cesarean scar pregnancy, but further analysis and more studies are required in order to describe the optimal protocol of expectant management of CSP.