Sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa) leaves are known as a traditional medicine for the people of Bangka-Belitung Island. The local people empirically utilize the boiled water of D. suffruticosa leaves as anti-diarrhea. However, the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves has not been reported. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves against several microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans as fungi. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethanol, then screened for phytochemical constituents. The antimicrobial test was carried out by the disc diffusion method using Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) for fungi. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The antimicrobial test showed that the extract of D. suffruticosa leaves could inhibit the growth of S. aureus at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40% were 8.35±0.05; 9.34±0.32; and 10.52±0.22, respectively. The ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves could inhibit the growth of S. aureus, whereas E. coli and C. albicans did not show any activity.

Metode learning by doing dalam mengoptimalisasi kualitas belajar siswa SMP. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui metode learning by doing dalam mengoptimalisasikan kualitas belajar siswa SMP. Model pembelajaran learning by doing merupakan konsep belajar dengan melakukan, yaitu suatu pandangan pendidikan pragmatis berdasarkan dua alasan penting: pertama suatu takdir tuhan bahwa anak adalah makhluk aktif, kedua melalui bekerja anak  by doing yaitu bahwa siswa perlu terlibat dalam proses belajar secara spontan. Dengan ini akan membantu siswa untuk menumbuhkan kemampuan belajar aktif dalam proses pembelajaran. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian kualitatif. Desain rancangan penelitian disusun oleh peneliti menggunakan kajian literatur. Harapan dari study literatur ini mampu menunjukan optimalisasi kualitas belajar melalui metode learning by doing pada siswa SMP.

Oil palm leaves (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), which have been underutilized by the community and become waste that usually stacked around the trees, have a potential to be used as active ingredients for making antibacterial solid bar soap. The chemical content of oil palm leaves are tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids that known had antibacterial activity. This research aims to produce oil palm leaves extracts into an active ingredient of solid bar soap formulation with antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and also to evaluate the quality of the solid bar soap. The soap was formulated into 3 formulas with varying concentrations of oil palm leaves ethanolic extract that was F1 (1% ), F2 (2%), and F3 (4%). Oil palm leaves extract was prepared with maceration using ethanol 70%. Antibacterial activity assay of the solid bar soap was carried out using a disc diffusion method with tetracycline as the positive control (K+) and distilled water as the negative control (K-). The soap quality was evaluated for its organoleptic, foam level and foam stability, pH, hardness, water content and free fatty acid. The results showed that all three solid soap formulas meet the soap quality requirements of SNI No. 3532-2016. The solid bar soap did not have inhibition properties against Escherichia coli. However, had inhibition effect against Staphylococcus aureus with an average Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) on soap base, F1, F2, and F3 was 8.02 mm, 8.53 mm, 10.53 mm, 12.91 mm respectively.

Daun tegining ganang (Cassia planisiliqua Burm.f.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan berkhasiat di Lombok. Berdasarkan pengalaman empiris masyarakat, daun tegining ganang dapat mengobati sakit perut, muntaber, maag, nyeri ulu hati, nyeri pinggang, batu ginjal, dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui LD50 sehingga didapatkan tingkat toksisitas sediaan uji, dan efek toksik yang dihasilkan dari daun tegining ganang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara serbuk tegining ganang dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 70%, kemudian diuapkan dengan rotary vacum evaporator. Kemudian dilakukan uji organoleptis, bebas pelarut etanol, dan penapisan fitokimia. Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan dengan cara memberikan sediaan uji  pada 4 kelompok mencit jantan pada dosis 800 mg/kgBB, 1600 mg/kgBB, 3200 mg/kgBB dengan batas uji 5000 mg/kgBB, dan suspensi CMC Na 1% sebagai kontrol negatif secara oral. Setelah pemberian, dilakukan pengamatan tanda toksisitas pada 4 jam pertama, kemudian pengamatan tanda toksisitas setelah 24 jam dan selama 14 hari dan dilakukan pengamatan efek toksik tertunda. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai LD50 semu (LD0) 3200 mg dengan kategori praktis tidak toksik dan tidak ada gejala klinis ketoksikan akut yang signifikan yang terjadi pada seluruh hewan coba.Kata kunci: toksisitas, ekstrak, tegining, Cassia

Cordyline fruticosa, also known to Indonesians as andong, is one of the simplest plants to grow. This plant is commonly used as an ornamental plant in yards, gardens, cemeteries, as well as a road barrier. Although it is primarily grown for ornamental purposes, the leaves of this plant empirically have been used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. The goal of this study was to determine what chemicals are present in andong leaves, as well as to see if an extract derived from the leaves has any activity against microbes that cause diarrhea, such as Shigella dysenteriae and Candida albicans. Andong leaves were extracted using two different methods, namely maceration with 96% ethanol as a solvent and infusion with distilled water heated to 90 °C. Phytochemicals screening test was conducted qualitatively using the color-change reaction method. While antimicrobial activity test was performed using the disk diffusion method and continued with the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test using the solid dilution method. Phytochemicals screening revealed that the ethanol extract and infusion of andong leaves contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenols. The antimicrobial activity results showed that the ethanol extract and infusion of andong leaves inhibited the growth of S. dysenteriae but had no effect on C. albicans. These findings suggest that andong leaves have the potential to treat diarrhea caused by S. dysentriae, but not by C. albicans.