Background: The most important factor in controlling diabetes is self-management behaviour and its development is the first step toward helping the patients to successfully control their disease. The current study was conducted so as to investigate self-management behaviour and its Impact on HbA1c. Methods: This study was carried out on 220 type-2 diabetic patients in 2020. The data was gathered through demographic and diabetes self-management questionnaire (DSMQ) and it included 16 items at four dimensions. The data analysed by independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Multiple Linear Regression and Logistic Regression. Results: There was a significant relationship between gender and physical activity, diet, and diabetic self-management (P-value> 0/001). Also, there was a significant relationship between economic status and glycemic control, diet, and diabetic self-management (P-value>0/05). In addition, family history of the disease and glycemic control, diet, and diabetic self-management were found to be meaningfully related (P-value> 0/05). Smoking and glycemic control on the one hand and diabetic self-management and BMI, on the other, experienced meaningful relationship (P-value >0/05). The most adverse effects were among patients who had unfavourable or minimum self-management: 10.7% kidney complications and 17.9% visual impairment (P-value>0/05). Dietary control is the strongest predictor of HbA1c in all diabetics and people with borderline self-management and diabetics without complications (P-value> 0/000). Conclusion: Diabetes-related self-management predicted HbA1c levels and type-2 diabetic complications and intervention programmes crucial in increasing patients’ awareness, learning, and participation.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is a very important principle in ensuring the health of infants. Its benefits for the infant, mother, family, and community are emphasized by all experts. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of mothers toward exclusive breastfeeding and its related factors.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study performed on 420 women referred to comprehensive health services centers in Tehran. The samples were selected through multistage sampling. The data were collected by a questionnaire consisting of two sections: behavioral beliefs and evaluation of behavioral outcomes and were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA using SPSS 16.Results: There was a significant relationship between attitude, behavioral beliefs, and evaluation of behavioral outcomes in mothers with their age, job, place of delivery and hospitalization of infants. There was also a significant relationship between mothers’ attitudes and behavioral beliefs with their husband’s education and the status of infants (P<0.05), but there was no significant relationship between attitude, behavioral beliefs, and evaluation of behavioral outcomes with other variables (P > 0.05). Findings showed that most mothers' beliefs about the outcomes of exclusive nutrition (increased emotional bond between the mother and the infant, growth and strength of infant's bones and teeth, and infant's immunity to diseases such as diarrhea) were significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: When designing interventions, efforts should be made to create and maintain a positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding through the promotion of behavioral beliefs and evaluation of behavioral outcomes.

Context: Educational interventions on type 2 diabetes can have life-saving effects. A closer analysis of studies in this area contributes to well-designed interventions. Objectives: We surveyed the effectiveness of interventional studies on type 2 diabetes in the last decade. Data Sources: The research papers were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran for Persian and English language studies between 2010 and 2019. The PRISMA checklist was used to select the studies for systematic reviews. Study Selection: The criteria for article selection were experimental studies, quasi-experimental studies, clinical trials, and pre-treatment and post-treatment observations. Also, the exclusion criteria were case studies, short articles, cross-sectional studies, descriptive and analytic studies, letters to the editor, and systematic review papers. Finally, 24 studies (out of 1,374) were entered in our study. Data Extraction: An interventional study checklist was used to report the standard of studies: (1) consolidated standards of reporting trials with 25 items; (2) checklist for experimental design with nine items; (3) checklist for quasi-experimental studies with nine items; and (4) transparent reporting of evaluations with non-randomized designs with 22 items. Results: Twenty-four research papers entered the final analysis. Most studies were clinical trials with the intervention period ranging from one to 12 months. Patients were usually selected as the participants. The education interventions in most studies were lectures, questions/answers, group discussions, brainstorming, photo/film/slide display, group teaching, individual training, individual counseling, and group counseling. The main focus of the interventions was on physical activity and diet, with positive effects. Conclusions: Most interventions made on type 2 diabetes variables had positive effects. Therefore, it is recommended that in addition to diet and physical activity, other factors of type 2 diabetes be considered in educational interventions. Also, the most effective and appropriate teaching methods should be considered to prevent and control this disease.