Background: The relationship between HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and COVID-19 clinical outcome is uncertain, with conflicting data and hypotheses. We aimed to assess the prevalence of people living with HIV (PLWH) among COVID-19 cases and whether HIV infection affects the risk of severe COVID-19 or related death at the global and continental level. Methods: Electronic databases were systematically searched in July 2021. In total, 966 studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Narratives were synthesised and data pooled for the global and continental prevalence of HIV–SARS-CoV-2 coinfection. The relative risks of severity and mortality in HIV-infected COVID-19 patients were computed using a random-effect model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa score and Egger’s test, and presented as funnel plots. Results: In total, 43 studies were included involving 692,032 COVID-19 cases, of whom 9097 (1.3%) were PLWH. The global prevalence of PLWH among COVID-19 cases was 2% (95% CI = 1.7–2.3%), with the highest prevalence observed in sub-Saharan Africa. The relative risk (RR) of severe COVID-19 in PLWH was significant only in Africa (RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05–1.24), while the relative risk of mortality was 1.5 (95% CI = 1.45–2.03) globally. The calculated global risk showed that HIV infection may be linked with increased COVID-19 death. The between-study heterogeneity was significantly high, while the risk of publication bias was not significant. Conclusions: Although there is a low prevalence of PLWH among COVID-19 cases, HIV infection may increase the severity of COVID-19 in Africa and increase the risk of death globally.

Kurangnya pengetahuan remaja terkait kesehatan reproduksi masih menjadi permasalahan saat ini. Kelompok remaja seharusnya bisa disiapkan agar mampu menghadapi tantangan saat ini dan masa mendatang. Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi yang terintegrasi dengan sistem pembelajaran di sekolah akan mampu menjangkau remaja yang diharapkan mampu untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan kesehatan reproduksi dan menghindari perilaku berisiko. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis rancangan dan efektivitas penerapan kurikulum kesehatan reproduksi berbasis program pada siswa SMP. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mixed methods dengan sequential explolatory designs untuk kualitatif dan Quasi experiment dengan one group pretest-posttest design untuk kuantitatif. Rancangan kurikulum disusun berdasarkan hasil analisis kebutuhan melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Hasil FGD menunjukkan bahwa sekolah tidak memiliki rancangan pembelajaran khusus untuk pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi sebelumnya. Adapun yang sudah dilaksanakan merupakan program kesiswaan yang dikhususkan untuk siswi saja. Pendidik yang terlibat dalam program tersebut merupakan guru matematika dan biologi serta belum pernah mendapatkan pelatihan khusus terkait pembelajaran kesehatan reproduksi. Selama ini  pembelajaran dilakukan dengan diskusi tanpa media gambar, sedangkan referensi yang dipakai adalah modul kesehatan reproduksi. Hasil analisa kuantitatif menunjukkan penerapan kurikulum pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi efektif dan memiliki pengaruh yang positif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa (Pv=0,000).

One of the efforts to equip adolescents is to make policies on adolescent reproductive health that can accommodate the needs of adolescents in educational institutions or schools. This study aims to determine the implementation of learning policies on adolescent reproductive health programs or the likes. Method: This research is a descriptive exploratory study to describe phenomena systematically. Informant research are students as recipients, implementers and policymakers. Sampling uses a purposive sampling technique. Data collection is done by observation, interview and documentation techniques. Data analysis includes interview results in the form of transcripts, coding and data reduction, presentation of data in the form of themes and interpreting and drawing conclusions from the results of the analysis. Results: The results showed there was a discrepancy in some indicators of the success of the implementation of the policy namely an indicator of communication, human resources and bureaucratic structure, while the disposition indicator showed the commitment of the policy implementers to implement the program. Conclusion: The implementation of reproductive health education policy is felt not to be good and optimal in terms of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. Commitment to improvement is needed in order to quality improvement.

HIV infection is one of the three threats to reproductive health in adolescents (TRIAD Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja). In order to reduce this risk to adolescents, a strategy is needed to prevent this problem by providing education through electronic modules or e-modules. Education with e-modules is expected to increase adolescent self-efficacy in preventing HIV risk behaviour. This study purpose was to determine the effect of education through e-module on changes in self-efficacy to prevent HIV risk behaviour in adolescents. This quantitative study used a single group pretest-posttest research design. The sample in this study were VIII grade junior high school students at one of the private schools in Bandung Regency which consisted of several classes by providing education using e-modules. There were 40 students involved in this research. The intervention given to students was education about the dangers of HIV and risk behaviours using E-Module of TRIAD Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja. Meanwhile, the instrument used in the study was the self-efficacy assessment instrument for the prevention of HIV-risk behaviour. The results of the study found that there was a change in the scores of self-efficacy in the prevention of HIV risk behaviour in students, before and after education through e-modules. Therefore, it can be concluded that e-module is effective in increasing adolescent self-efficacy. The results of this study become recommendations for academics and practitioners who are involved in the health sector for adolescents to implement an intervention to prevent risky behaviours that threaten adolescents, especially in relation to HIV/AIDS problems.

Based on the analysis of the AIDS Commission (KPA) in West Bandung District until July 2019, there were 379 cases of HIV/AIDS with 56 new cases. As many as 53% are involved in free sexual relations, while 52% occur at the age of 21-29 years and 33% are found in the sexual or gay community which also triggers HIV/AIDS transmission and becomes the second largest after heterosexuality. To achieve success, a three zero program needs to be innovative and continuous to increase knowledge about HIV/AIDS in adolescents through counseling to prevent the spread of infection early on. The movement of 1000 Millennial Youth Caring PLWHA is expected to be able to introduce and publish Youth Reproductive Health to prevent sexual freedom that can prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS transmission because adolescent behavior is influenced by their knowledge and attitude regarding reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. The target of this movement is high school teenagers in West Bandung District. The first activity was carried out at MA Al-Mukhtariyah Mande KBB. The activity was carried out in the form of counseling using PowerPoint media, leaflets and videos. Pre-test and post-test carried out before and after the activity which is one form of evaluation of the direct output of this activity. Pre-test and post-test results showed a significant increase from the average pre-test results of 63.8 and post-test results of 89.4. This shows that counseling activities are effective in increasing students' knowledge about HIV and AIDS (p <0.005).