No abstract

The structural elements, tridimensional aspects of the lingual papillae, yours connective tissue cores (CTCs) and the ultrastructure of the dorsal epithelium surface of the tongue of guinea pig are examined. Filiform papillae and their CTCs lie throughout the tongue surface, featuring subtypes and different shapes. Fungiform papillae are dome-shaped, and their CTCs are few, with heterogenic disposition among the filiform papillae in the lingual apex and body and in grooves stretching to the side margin among the foliate papillae towards the lingual apex. Foliate papillae are well developed, and their CTCs are composed of five pairs of parallel seams limited by deep grooves placed bilaterally in the caudal region. Two vallate papillae are observed in the caudal region and reveal specialized structures which are developed and differentiated when they present compound elements by a double epithelial projection, in a column, similar to the shape of the foliate papilla. Further, the epithelium is organized by layers with ultrastructural components. Therefore, we conclude that the structural descriptions, dimensional aspects of tongue papillae, their CTCs and the ultrastructure of the tongue epithelium of guinea pigs are similar to other rodent mammals, however, with new descriptions as double epithelial projection constituting each vallate papilla.

Background: The effect of home-based exercise training on neurovascular control in heart failure patients is unknown. Aims: To test the hypothesis that home-based training would maintain the reduction in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) acquired after supervised training. Methods and results: Twenty-nine patients (54 T 1.9 years, EF < 40%) were randomised into two groups: untrained control (n = 12) and exercise trained (n = 17). Both groups underwent assessment of Quality of Life (QoL), MSNA, and forearm blood flow. The exercise group underwent a 4-month supervised training program followed by 4 months of home-based training. After the initial 4 months of training, patients in the exercise group showed a significant increase in peak VO 2 and reduction in MSNA, compared to the untrained group, but this was not maintained during 4 months of home-based training. In contrast, the decrease in FVR (56 T 3 vs. 46 T 4 vs. 40 T 2 U, p = 0.008) and the improvement in QOL that were achieved during supervised training were maintained during home-based training. Conclusions: Home-based training following supervised training is a safe strategy to maintain improvements in QoL and reduction in FVR in chronic heart failure patients, but is an inadequate strategy to maintain fitness as estimated by peak VO 2 or reduction in neurohumoral activation.

We hypothesized that the muscle vasodilatation during mental stress and exercise would vary among humans who are polymorphic at alleles 16 and 27 of the β2-adrenoceptors. From 216 preselected volunteers, we studied 64 healthy, middle-aged normotensive women selected to represent three genotypes: homozygous for the alleles Arg16 and Gln27 (Arg16/Gln27, n = 34), Gly16 and Gln27 (Gly16/Gln27, n = 20), and Gly16 and Glu27 (Gly16/Glu27, n = 10). Forearm blood flow (plethysmography) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) were recorded during 3-min Stroop color-word test and 3-min handgrip isometric exercise (30% maximal voluntary contraction). Baseline muscle sympathetic nerve activity, forearm vascular conductance, mean blood pressure, and heart rate were not different among groups. During mental stress, the peak forearm vascular conductance responses were greater in Gly16/Glu27 group than in Gly16/Gln27 and Arg16/Gln27 groups (1.79 ± 0.66 vs. 0.70 ± 0.11 and 0.58 ± 0.12 units, P = 0.03). Similar results were found during exercise (0.80 ± 0.25 vs. 0.28 ± 0.08 and 0.31 ± 0.08 units, P = 0.02). Further analysis in a subset of subjects showed that brachial intra-arterial propranolol infusion abolished the difference in vasodilatory response between Gly16/Glu27 ( n = 6) and Arg16/Gln27 ( n = 7) groups during mental stress (0.33 ± 0.20 vs. 0.46 ± 0.21 units, P = 0.50) and exercise (0.08 ± 0.06 vs. 0.03 ± 0.03 units, P = 0.21). Plasma epinephrine concentration in Arg16/Gln27 and Gly16/Glu27 groups was similar. In conclusion, women who are homozygous for Gly16/Glu27 of the β2-adrenoceptors have augmented muscle vasodilatory responsiveness to mental stress and exercise.

ResumoO quati é um animal que pertence ao Filo Chordata, à Classe Mammalia, à Ordem Carnívora e à Família Procyonidae. A característica marcante da família Procyonidae é a presença de cinco dígitos em seus membros: WRUiFLFR H SpOYLFR (VWHV DQLPDLV VmR FODVVL¿FDGRV FRPR SODQWtJUDGRV H SRGHP UHDOL]DU PRYLPHQWRV PDQXDLV em diferentes direções. Possui hábitos de subir em árvores para procriar, fugir do perigo e pernoitar.