Aims and Objects: Dermatophytosis is a common infection worldwide, and a major public health issue. Hot, humid climates and overcrowding favor the spread of skin infection in general populations. The purpose of the study is to analyze the prevalence of disease in patients attending the outpatient department of dermatology PUMHS-W Nawabshah.  Methodology: The study type is cross-sectional,  conducted at departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences, Nawabshah, for 3 months, (June 1st, 2020 to August 31st, 2020) after written permission from ERC. A total of 93 cases were included. Skin scraping, nail clippings, hair fragments, and scalp, samples were acquired from patients approaching the Outpatient department. Wood /s lamp examination was carried out in all patients. By using 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) on a glass slide with the sample and passing over the flame 2-3 times. After confirmation, the samples were streaked on the sterilized Sabouraud dextrose agar medium containing antibiotic, Petri plates were incubated at 25-28 °C for two weeks, all cases were directed towards the microscopic examination, and results were entered into SPSS 20 analyzed and tabulated. Results: Out of 93 suspects 84 (90.3%) samples were positive for fungal infection, and among them, 68 (73.1%) cases gave positive growth, Male predominance is noticed with 60%.Tinea corporis 45.6%is on the top of the list causing infection and T. unguium is the least common1.5%. The adult age group 20-40yrs were more affected followed by the middle-aged group. Conclusion: Dermatophytosis is common in the younger and adult age group, but it is prevalent in our general population irrespective of age and gender.

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (ABU) is poorly understood and neglected in developing countries. It causes certain lethal maternal and fetal consequences if left untreated including low weighted births, premature delivery, full-blown urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Objective: Our aim was to explore such factors having bad impact on pregnancy associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria and aware our community about these unspoken perils so that ABU likelihood may be reduced. Prevalence varies country to country. Developing and low economic countries are suffered more than developed so thereby upgrading and providing basic amenities of life the risk factors may be reduced. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out in department of pathology PUMHSW. Sample size was 377, all selected were 18 years and above. All urinary samples were collected in sterile container and labeled and immediately transported to microbiology laboratory. Dipstick test, wet mount microscopy and Gram's staining were done. Blood, MacConkey's agar was inoculated and streaked with inoculi. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results:  Samples found unlabeled (02) and contaminated (03) were dropped from study. A total of 372 were study samples. The most of patients were Gram negative 65(90.20%) predominantly Enterobacteriocae. When cultured, 72 were found growth positive (mixed plus pure) while 300 were negative. Risk factors were assayed in culture positive patients (ABU). A large number of patients (74%) belonged to lower economic class. Most common age group varied from 26-30 years (43%). Third trimester was the most common found in 37 patients ((49.3%). Gravid (G3 or more) were strong risk factors and were 55(73.3%).  Most of patients were illiterate 65 (90.27%). The past history of UTI was a significant risk 46(63.88%) while anemia was found statistically insignificant 17(23.61). Conclusion: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is frequent in pregnant females and significantly increased when compounded by past history of UTI and low socioeconomic status. Therefore, it is necessary for mothers to be screened for ABU. There is a need of rapid and reliable screening methods so that upcoming disease burden can be reduced.

Objective: The aim of study is the determination of   prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria during antenatal period in PUMHSW, with prevalence of antenatal asymptomatic bacteriuria in neighboring countries. Methodology: This study is Cross Sectional-Prospective, and conducted at the Department of Pathology Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences (PUMHS) for Women Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazir Abad). All the samples (417) were obtained from the pregnant women attending the Outpatient Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics PUMHS Hospital Nawabshah.All mid-stream clean catch collected urine sample in sterile container processed for urine detailed report (physical, chemical and microscopic examination).All the demographic details were entered and analyzed by SPSS 20.More than 8 international as well as national databases were searched  to  the year 2020, consisting of  google, Pub-med, Science direct, Web of Science, Medline. The data obtained were analyzed and their results reported with a random-effects model with confidence level 95%. Result: Out of 417 patients the mean age of the pregnant female was 29.32± 5.74 years.There were females with mean parity of 2.66 ±2.42 and mean gestational age was25.84± 11.80.Age when compared with asymptomatic bacteriuria revealed statistically significant value p value 0.000 with an increased incidence seen among age group of 26-30yrs n=33(44%).  The total prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) was 83(19.9%).Age when compared with asymptomatic bacteriuria revealed statistically significant value p value 0.000 with an increased incidence seen among age group of 26-30yrs. Conclusion: Asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy is increasingly found in younger age women, with increasing gestational age. Therefore urine cultures during antenatal period should be done to diagnose asymptomatic bacteriuria in order to make preventative planning and control of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women.

Objectives: D-Test as a tool to detect the frequency of clindamycin resistance in community acquired and hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Microbiology department of BMSI, JPMC, Karachi. Period: January 2015 till December 2015. Material & Methods: Pus samples from deep wounds, skin lesions, abscesses, postoperative wounds from surgical, medical wards and OPDs were collected. MRSA testing and susceptibility testing for antibiotics was done according to CLSI2014. The frequency of inducible clindamycin resistance was detected by D-Test of the CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. Result: In a total of 402 S. aurous isolates, 253 (62.93%) were methicillin-sensitive and 149 (37.06%) were methicillin-resistant. Out of 149 MRSA, 106 (71.14%) were HA-MRSA and 43(28.85%) were CA-MRSA. Among the HA-MRSA, 63(59.8%) were resistant to clindamycin while with D-Test, it increased to 78(73.58%). Out of 43 CA-MRSA, 9 (21.6%) were clindamycin resistant, while with D-Test, the resistance to clindamycin increased to 13 (30.23%). Conclusion: Inducible clindamycin-resistant strains may lead to clindamycin treatment failure in patients with S. aureus infection. Therefore, D-test should be done in priority to detect inducible clindamycin resistance in S. aurous.

Background: The frequency of hepatitis C virus infection along with tuberculosis has not been widely investigated and very low statistics on rates of hepatitis C virus co-infection in tuberculosis patients. Hepatotoxicity is the major side effect of anti-tuberculosis therapy hepatitis HCVliver disease elevates the chances of hepatotoxicity up-to five folds. Aim: To see the frequency of Hepatitis Cvirus infection amongst people with diagnosed Tuberculosis using gene X-pert technique. To evaluate the factors associated with HCVinfection in patients with MTBtuberculosis and to determine sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Study design: Comparative analytical study. Place and duration of study: Pathology Department, Civil Hospital Mirpur Khas Sindh from 1stJanuary 2017 to 31st December 2018. Methodology: Three hundred and thirteen patients of tuberculosis diagnosed by Genexpert included while testing hepatitis C virus using immunochromotography rapid test technique, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method and polymerase chain reaction test for confirmation. Results:Higher frequency of tuberculosis infection in males 57.8%, 42.5% between 20-39 years and 22% of hepatitis C virus infection in tuberculosis patients.Sensitivity of rapid test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 79% and 96% respectively while the specificity of rapid test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 91% and 99% respectively. Conclusion: The high frequency of hepatitis C virus co-infection was found among tuberculosis cases in Mirpur Khas Division Sindh. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method is more accurate, reliable as compared to rapid immunochromatographytest for hepatitis C virus and polymerase chain reaction is still gold standard. Keywords: TB, Hepatitis C virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,, PCR, Genexpert, Rapid test