A new catalyst based on palladium nanoparticles immobilized on nano‐silica triazine dendritic polymer (Pdnp‐nSTDP) was synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, transmission electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The size of the palladium nanoparticles was determined to be 3.1±0.5 nm. This catalytic system showed high activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides with arylboronic acids and also in the Heck reaction of these aryl halides with styrenes. These reactions were best performed in a dimethylformamide (DMF)/water mixture (1:3) in the presence of only 0.006 mol% and 0.01 mol% of the catalyst, respectively, under conventional conditions and microwave irradiation to afford the desired coupling products in high yields. The Pdnp‐nSTDP was also used as an efficient catalyst for the preparation of a series of star‐ and banana‐shaped compounds with a benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine or 1,3,5‐triazine unit as the central core. Moreover, the catalyst could be recovered easily and reused several times without any considerable loss of its catalytic activity.
Silica-nanoparticle-supported
copper-containing ionic liquid (SNIL-Cu(II))
provided a highly stable, active, reusable, spherical, and solid-phase
catalyst for click chemistry. The SNIL-Cu(II) catalyst was readily
prepared from 1,2-bis(4-pyridylthio)ethane immobilized
on silica nanoparticles modified with 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane
and Cu(OTf)2, and the morphology, structure, and properties
of nanoparticles were investigated through different analytical tools.
This catalytic system showed high activity in a one-pot synthesis
of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles by click reactions between a
variety of alkynes, organic halides, and sodium azide at room temperature
in aqueous polyethylene glycol as a green medium with a high turnover
frequency (up to 7920 h–1). Moreover, the SNIL-Cu(II)
was also used as an efficient catalyst for the preparation of a series
of multifold 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Also, this unique
catalyst was readily reused without any decrease in its catalytic
activity to give the corresponding triazoles quantitatively.
Although several strategies are now available for immobilization of enzymes to magnetic nanoparticles for bioapplications, little progresses have been reported on the use of dendritic or hyperbranched polymers for the same purpose. Herein, we demonstrated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles supported hyperbranched polyglycerol (MNP/HPG) and a derivative conjugated with citric acid (MNP/HPG-CA) as unique and convenient nanoplatforms for immobilization of enzymes. Then, an important industrial enzyme, xylanase, was immobilized on the nanocarriers to produce robust biocatalysts. A variety of analytical tools were used to study the morphological, structural, and chemical properties of the biocatalysts. Additionally, the results of biocatalyst systems exhibited the substantial improvement of reactivity, reusability, and stability of xylanase due to this strategy, which might confer them a wider range of applications.
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