Because of the lack of transmission and distribution grid of electricity in remote and inaccessible areas due to the high cost of construction of the transmission line along with the unsuitable geographical conditions and taking into account the factors affecting sustainable energy production, renewable energy seems like a sensible solution. Therefore, in this paper, considering the solar and wind potential of Turkalan village located in East Azerbaijan Province, the combined solar-wind-diesel generator system with battery bank and independent of the grid was evaluated. Sensitivity analysis and optimal measurement of the studied system were performed by HOMER software. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the parameters of solar radiation, light reflection from the environment, and wind speed. The goal was to supply 22 kWh/d of energy with a maximum load demand of 2.5 kW. The four hybrid systems proposed by the software considering the total net present cost (NPC) were solar-generator-battery, solar-wind-generator-battery, solar-battery, and solar-wind-battery, respectively. The studies were conducted to determine which of the systems is more suitable for the area.

In recent years, improved combustion controllability in terms of in-cylinder reactivity stratification by using two different fuels led to introduction of dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) strategy. This strategy has the potential to operate with a single low reactivity fuel and direct injection (DI) of the same fuel blended with a small amount of cetane improver. In the present study, a numerical investigation was conducted to simulate a single-fuel RCCI engine fueled with isobutanol -isobutanol+20% di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) with an optimal injection strategy. Firstly, the effects of start of injection (SOI) timing, injection pressure, spray cone angle, and DI fuel ratio are explored. Secondly, the effect of DI fuel ratio reduction is discussed in each best case in order to decrease the high DI requirement. The results showed that -88°ATDC SOI, 1400 bar injection pressure, and 45°spray cone angle case can improve the performance and emissions compared to the baseline case (SOI=-58°ATDC, spray angle=72.5°, injection pressure=600 bar). Moreover, it was found that by advancing the SOI timing to -88°ATDC, a 20% reduction in DI ratio, 3.3% increase in gross indicated efficiency (GIE) together with reductions in CO, and NO x emissions by 3.56 and 0.254 g/kW-hr, could be achieved, respectively.