Analysis of physical and microbiological quality of quail meat samples was carried out during frozen storage (-18±2oC) of 90 days period. Slaughtering of six weeks old broiler quails was done hygienically. Quail meat samples were packed in low density polyethylene pouches taking best possible care to avoid contamination and stored at -18 ± 2°C for 90 days. These stored samples were evaluated for physical properties and microbiological quality after thawing at 4 ± 1oC for 12 h at an interval of 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. It was observed that drip loss increased, while the extract release volume (ERV) decreased with progression of the storage period. Similarly standard plate count, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and psychrophilic count decreased with advancement of frozen storage period. While all of the meat samples were found to be negative for Salmonella spp. It is concluded from the study that quail meat can be safely stored in frozen state for up to 3 months without any deterioration.

The review article focuses behavioral genetic studies of antisocial behavior. Gene expression might be altered by environmental influences, which in result generates flow of events resulting in interpretation of genes into anti-social behavior. Evidences from the studies of adoption and twin researches about anti-social behavior suggest that around half the possible discrepancy is due to the genetic characteristics. . On the other hand, analysis of behavioral genetic investigations about antisocial behavior still held accountable for producing wide range of estimations regarding heritability, signifying the importance of other factors by which genetic risk factors are governed. Some of the results of behavioral genetics researches about antisocial behavior are discussed in this review that focus on the issues that includes changes in development when disruptive behaviors are inherited along with developmental subtypes that are related to disorder of such behavior. Review sums up the heritability of antisocial conduct and confer the research in order to reveal the environmental and genetic areas responsible for this behavior, as well as investigation studies of the impact of social as well as biological risk factors and how they can be regulated by inherent and environmental factors. Examples from biological risk factors include physiological stimulation, neurotransmitters, hormones and functions of frontal lobe, whereas factors regarding social risk will count parental supervision, discipline, peer groups and socioeconomic status. It is not necessary that biological factors are entirely based on genetics and social risk factors might not always be solely environmental in source, signifying the density of associations between anti-social behavior and related risk factors. Review includes different studies recognizing definite relations between antisocial behavior and Genetics.

Punjab is the leading province of Pakistan in the production of bovine milk and its consumption. Rapid industrialization, high energy demand and production of waste have increased the risk of PCB toxicity in the environment. This research work was designed to assess human dietary exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs17 congeners) through ingestion of buffalo and cow's milk from eight main districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The average concentration of ∑DL-PCBs (8.74 ng g -1 and 14.60 ng g -1 ) and ∑I-PCBs (11.54 ng g -1 and 18.68 ng g -1 ) in buffalo and cow milk samples were analyzed respectively. The PCB 156 was predominantly high congener found in both buffalo (2.84 ng g -1 ) and cow milk (2.86 ng g -1 ). It was found that the highest PCBs in bovine milk samples were observed in close vicinities of urban and industrial areas. The estimated daily consumptions of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs, from buffalo and cow milk, were below the acceptable daily intake for both adults and children. Moreover, Hazard Quotients (HQ) of ∑PCBs17 congeners value were less than 1.0 in adults and greater in the case of children reflecting the high chances of cancer risk. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring for childhood cancer is recommended to establish the relationship in future studies.

Respiratory tract infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality accounting for millions of deaths worldwide. Treatment of these infections is usually based upon symptomatic relief through antibiotics. This study was designed to investigate bacterial RTI and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern determined by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Sputum samples (n=48) were analyzed to determine the bacterial infections and relationship with age, gender and social status of patients was determined. Results of the study revealed that higher number of samples (61%) were positive for Pseudomonas spp.14 (29.16%). Other contributing bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%), Streptococcus spp. (12.5%), Acinetobacter spp. (14.58%), E. coli (6.25%) and some other coliforms (8.33%). Number of cases was more in adult males than females and the incidence was gradually increasing with age due to consistent habit of smoking. Socioeconomic analysis of data revealed that maximum number of patients visiting hospital for UTI belongs to rural areas followed by small cities and developed cities. It is concluded that adult males having low socioeconomic status with habit of smoking or tobacco consumption are at greater risk of UTI.

Now-a-days emerging and re-emerging infections worldwide are becoming the utmost problem for the development of mankind. Many different infections are considered to be zoonotic for humans (transferred from animals to humans). Emerging infections are those which are completely new contagion and affected new geographical locations. Infections are thought to be re-emerging that were important health problem globally or in a specific region, then diminished and once again appear and become the health issues for vast number of population. Although, zoonotic infective agents are most probably thought to be the cause of emergence and re-emergence of communicable diseases.