Background:The individual Behavior-based vulnerability to COVID-19 imposes risk of underestimation without objective evaluation. This study aimed to develop a tool for behavior-based risk of exposure to droplet infection (REDI) during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Initial REDI was developed with four domains (precautions for direct droplet infection, precautions for indirect droplet infection, precautions in a shared shelter, and precaution in health facilities), then validated through an online cross-sectional study among 608 non-health facilities' workers/clients (NHF), 201 clients in health facilities during last month (CIHF), and 386 workers in health facilities (WIHF). Results: The final model confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the model [χ2/df = (1.45-1.86), GFI＝ (0.90-0.96), CFI＝ (0.89-0.96), RMSEA = (0.036-0.048)] among NHF, CIHF, and WIHF with Cronbach's values 0.82, 0.80, and 0.87, respectively. Perceived/measured REDI was 0.28/0.66 (±0.20/0.22) in 72.2% of participants. Conclusion: REDI tool is valid and reliable for COVID-19 behavior-based risk identification.

Background: End-of-life care (EOLC) is a continuum of palliative care for elderly COVID-19 patients which need more education. Critical care nurses earned benefits from an online education to improve their knowledge and attitude regarding several kinds of practice. Aim of the study: evaluate the effect of online education on critical care nurses' knowledge and attitude about end-oflife care for covid-19 elderly patients. Design: A quasi-experimental research design (pre/post-test).

Background: Dysphagia is frequently overlooked by elderly individuals who may consider it a normal part of aging. This condition causes psychological distress, such as depression. Therefore, early, multidisciplinary care is essential. Aim of the study:To evaluate the effectiveness of shaker exercises, feeding modification, and associated-depression relief as dysphagia care bundle among elderly patients. Design: Quasi-experimental research design (study/ control) was utilized in the current study. Sample: Purposive sample of 120 elderly patients with dysphagia were collected from the outpatient clinic of the Ear, Nose, and Throat of El-Minia university hospital and randomly divided into the bundle group and the control group which include 60 elderly patients in each. Tools: Three tools and one scale were used for data collection before and after intervention: Eat-10 scale, the 3-ounce Water Swallow Test (3OWST), and Geriatric Depression Scale (Short Form). Results: In the post-intervention phase, the mean scores of Eat-10 scale declined from 16.2±4.8 to 8.3±2.27 among the bundle group with (p-value <0.0001), while it modestly decreased from 15.3±4.6 to 13.4±3.8 among the control group with (p-value=0.2965). The proportion of individuals with normal swallowing in 3-ounce Water Swallow Test were increased among the bundle and control group from 31.7 and 36.7 to 70 % and 38.3%, respectively. The proportion of individuals with moderate to severe depression levels among the participants in the bundle and control groups decreased from 63.3% and 66.7% to 25% and 63.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The study concludes that the intervention protocol was effective in improving dysphagia and its associated depression among the elderly patients. Recommendations: Further researches with larger sample, multiple outcome metrics of timing, and intensity of intervention are needed.