Aim: To analyze the co-relation between frequencies of tooth brushing as a periodontal risk assessment tool in a population. Study design: Cross Sectional Survey Place and duration of study: Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Four hundred and eleven participants were enrolled. Data was collected by administering the study questionnaire including 14 items assessing risk factors for periodontal disease as well as their oral hygiene habits. Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization and presentation. Results: Approximately 34.3% of study participants claimed to brush twice daily and 61.6% once daily. Mean age was 22.1 years and majority of them females constituting 66.7%. 39.33% had a history of bleeding gums while 28.2% had swollen gums. 51% of the subjects reported brushing for less than 2 minutes duration. 67% participants of population were of upper middle socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The clear correlation establish amongst risk of emerging periodontal disease and occurrence of tooth brushing. Keywords: Periodontal disease, Oral hygiene, Risk factors, Tooth brushing

Gingivitis is one of the commonly known oral diseases globally. Gingival diseases are non- ordinary contamination that embraces an assorted clan of pathological units triggered by numerous etiologic aspects, if left untouched can crack into an added dangerous malady known as periodontitis. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of gingivitis in patients coming to dental care facility i.e., DentoScope Institute of Advanced Dentistry, Rawalpindi and to learn the level of gingivitis and its related hazard aspects. Methods: This was a cross sectional research carried out to evaluate the level of gingivitis amongst the subjects appearing at DentoScope Institute of Advanced Dentistry Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The time of the research was eight months from January 2022 to August 2022. Non-probability purposive sampling was carried out for the collection of the subjects. Results: 400 patients were observed of which 172 (43%) were females and 228 (57 %) were males. With a total of 141 patients out of 400, the age group from 30 to 39 appears to be the largest amongst all other varieties, followed by the 40 to 49 age group, which had a total of 131 patients. Conclusions: Inflamed gingiva, also commonly known as gingivitis is an avoidable normally happening disease in Pakistan that can be initiated by several various causative issues. Amongst diverse related risk aspects that cause gingivitis, chewing tobacco or tobacco smoking is the most regular one reported

Aim: To determine link between a patient's buccal relationship and vertical skeletal corridor region display during a posed grin. Study design: Descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Department of Orthodontic, Ayub Dental College from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: One hundred and seventy patients with normal, additional and insignificant buccal corridors were enrolled. The patient's Frankfort Horizontal plane parallel to the floor, their lips relaxed, and their teeth in centric occlusion, lateral cephalograms were obtained. Results: The measurement of the buccal corridor area visible during a frontal grin varies from 0 mm to 4.50mm. The average size of the buccal corridor was 1.799±0.9904 mm. The ratio of lower anterior facial height towards total anterior facial height ranged from 48° to 67° with mean anterior facial height was 45.246±2.48. Conclusion: Lower anterior facial height has a substantial impact on how much of the buccal corridor region shows during posed smiles, and a rise in ratio causes less buccal corridor area to display. Keywords: Inter-commissure width, Inter-pre-molar width, Inter-pupillary distance

Aim: To determine the frequency of dental caries in undergraduate dental students. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad from 1st March 2022 to 31stAugust 2022. Methodology:One hundred and forty students of dental with ages 17-25 years were enrolled. Detailed demographics were recorded after informed written consent. More than 25 years age students and reluctant students were excluded.Procedure recommended by WHO was followed to document the oral health status for dental caries. Results: There were 63(45%) males and 77(55%) females. Maximum of the students 37(26.4%) and 36(25.7%) belong to the age group 19-21 and 21-23 respectively. Seventy nine (56.3%) were the residents of urban area while 23(16.42%), 39(27.85%), 32(22.85%) and 46(32.85%) students were taken from 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year respectively. Out of all the pupils, 103(73.57%) had dental caries with a DMFT score (>0), whereas 37(26.43%) were healthy. Conclusion: Compared to men, women are more likely to progress dental caries. The average total DMFT score differential did not affect either party much. DMFT score and age cluster associations were very statistically significant. The average DMFT score for females across the different academic levels did not differ significantly. While other DMFT score elements were non-significant, the decaying factor of the average DMFT score dramatically reduced. Keywords: Dental Caries, DMFT Index, World Health Organization (WHO)