Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) essential oil nanoemulsion was proposed to replace baby powder which has been banned in several countries. This study aimed to determine the effect of various kencur essential oil concentrations on particle size and to measure their stability during storage. This research was initiated by examining essential oil quality and followed by the formulation of nanoemulsion with maltodextrin and tween 80. PSA characterized it, and stability was observed for six weeks. The results showed that the essential oil of kencur was of good quality with a clear yellow color oil, a distinctive odor of kencur, 0.933 g/mL of density, and a 1.480 refractive index value. This value is considered standard in Indonesia's National standards (SNI) of essential oil. The L1, L2, L3, and L4 nanoemulsion formulas have particle sizes: 20.4 nm, 20.3 nm, 21.7 nm, and 26.2 nm, respectively. L1 (0.475) is chosen as the best formula based on the PI value. The formulas showed good stability and homogeneity for six weeks of storage. Its pH is also persistent at room temperature (30 °C) or in refrigerator storage (7 °C).

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Currently, wound dressing is made of fabric or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics with silver as active ingredients. Residues of silver can be toxic in the environment and PVC waste is a very long decomposed by soil. Chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) film have been synthesized as a biodegradable material that potential to replace silver wound plasters. CMC film has been synthesized from chitosan with a wide range of molecular weight. Chitosan with high molecular weight resulting from the reflux (1a) while the low molecular weight chitosan produced from microwaves assisted organic synthesis-MAOS (1b). All chitosan and CMC are then molded into a film chitosan and CMC and their properties were analyzed by solubility test. The COOH number of the CMC is also measured by titration. The results show that the CMC were synthesized from chitosan MAOS (2b) has higher COOH group than CMC from chitosan reflux (2a). Chitosan with MAOS process is able to produce a more homogeneous and has a lower molecular weight in a short time. Chitosan 1a films are strong and rigid while chitosan films 1b and CMC films have fragile nature. Test of solubility in physiological solution showed that the CMC films lost 78.56% Massa while chitosan films 1a only 44.59%. This show that a combination of chitosan films for wound plaster with CMC films as a wound healer active ingredient is suitable for replacing the fabric wound plasters contains silver as an active ingredient.

Green shell is generally disposed of and become environmental contaminants. In this study, the green shell was used as material to adsorb dyes residue: methylene blue and methyl oranges. Green shell waste from seafood was prepared by removing the dirt then dried at room temperature. It was followed by roughly crushing before being placed in the furnace at temperatures of 300, 500, 700 and 900 °C. The selected adsorbents were sieved at 200 mesh. The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR and SEM-EDX to evaluate their functional groups and morphology. Furthermore, the adsorption process was evaluated by determining the kinetic adsorption models. The results of the FTIR characterization showed the vibration of Ca(OH)2 bone at a wave number of 3400 cm-1 and morphological analysis by SEM showed a homogeneous surface. Adsorption kinetics results obtained from the variation of time with the initial adsorbate concentration showed the kinetic model of both methylene blue and methyl orange adsorption onto the adsorbent followed a pseudo-second order.

Microwave assisted chitosan synthesis as biodegradable material for biomedical application has been done. The purpose of this research is to synthesis of chitosan with high DD and low molecular weight using microwave energy, the study of reaction conditions include parameters of power and reaction time. Chitosan was prepared by deacetylation of chitin with 60% NaOH solution. Conventional method has been done by reflux for 90 minutes, resulting chitosan with DD of 79.5%, 72.6% yields and molecular weight 6051 g/mol. Green chemistry method using microwave radiation at 800 Watts for 5 minutes has produced chitosan with highest DD, yield and molecular weight of 86%, 75% and 3797 g/mole respectively. Synthesis of Chitosan by microwave radiation method can save 10x electrical energy for the reaction, also rapidly and effectively to produce chitosan with low molecular weight compared to conventional methods