Pinus plantations create strong ecological legacies that persist after their removal. We evaluated the effectiveness of pine litter removal (manually or through controlled burns) and hay application for the restoration of South Brazilian coastal grasslands degraded by pine plantations. We installed the experiment 1 year after cutting trees and sampled the vegetation 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years after initiating the experiment. We used generalized linear mixed model to assess treatment effects on plant cover, richness, and pine reestablishment. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and indicator species analysis to evaluate changes in species composition over time and in the association of individual species with treatments and reference area. Species richness and vegetation cover did not differ between manual and burn treatments but were higher than in the control. Hay application enhanced vegetation cover by the end of the experiment in all treatments. Hay application enhanced richness initially, but after 2 years the effect persisted only in the burn treatment. Burned plots showed less pine establishment than plots with manual litter removal. Hay‐addition plots contained indicator species present in the reference area. Our results suggest that passive restoration (i.e. only cutting of pine) is not sufficient to restore grasslands altered by afforestation, as residual pine litter constrains the reestablishment of native vegetation. In addition to the benefits of litter removal, our results indicate that hay transfer can overcome seed limitation of grassland species and burning can reduce recolonization by pine.
Apresentamos neste trabalho um relato de caso sobre a análise de uma pesquisa exploratória desenvolvida no contexto de uma disciplina de Etnobotânica inserida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do relato é instigar e discutir a relação existente entre seres humanos e plantas, a partir da investigação narrativa dos sujeitos. Partindo da perspectiva etnobotânica, apoiados nos estudos das interações simbólicas e culturais que esta ciência proporciona, analisamos as respostas de um grupo de 30 pessoas à seguinte pergunta: “qual a primeira planta que vem à tua cabeça quando te pergunto: me diz uma planta importante para ti e por quê?”. As espécies citadas foram classificadas em nativas ou exóticas. As justificativas dadas pelos entrevistados para a escolha das espécies citadas apresentaram um padrão que categorizamos em: Afetivo, Espiritual, Ecológico e Utilitário. O valor Utilitário dominou as respostas, seguido do valor Afetivo. As plantas apresentaram significados únicos para cada sujeito analisado e, por vezes, esses significados e justificativas para suas escolhas os conectam profundamente com seu senso de identidade. Conceitos como memória botânica e cegueira botânica estão envolvidos na compreensão acerca das percepções desses sujeitos com relação às plantas citadas. Apenas 7,7% das espécies citadas são nativas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O baixo número de espécies nativas citadas é visto por nós como um resultado histórico e cultural.
For subtropical Brazilian grasslands, few restoration techniques are established, and seeds of native grassland species are not available on the market. Here, we evaluated the effect of physical barriers (PB) on vegetation recovery in a degraded grassland. We considered species that exhibit attributes in their diaspores that facilitate dispersal as well-dispersed species (WDS) and compared the proportion of WDS at our site to their proportion in the regional species pool. To analyze plots near and distant from the PB, we calculated the extrapolated metrics by an asymptotic estimator (double sample size of each distance). We found 74 species in the degraded area, with higher richness and Shannon diversity values closer to logs, but higher Simpson values with larger distance from logs. Almost half of the species in the degraded area are WDS, more than in the regional species pool. While effects of logs on microsite conditions may also play a role (e.g. logs accumulating organic material or increasing soil moisture, providing shade), our data indicates that the PB works as a seed trap favoring the occurrence of WDS. It seems promising to develop applications in restoration, especially when associating PB with other restoration techniques to increase availability of adequate germination and establishment conditions.
O Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos localiza-se sobre a Coxilha das Lombas, Viamão/RS, e encontra-se em processo de invasão biológica por gramíneas exóticas na área de campo seco. Este fragmento de vegetação campestre sobre paleodunas é habitat da espécie endêmica Ctenomys lami (Rodentia, Ctenomydae) e apresenta composição florística peculiar em relação a maioria das áreas naturais dos Campos Sulinos, com espécies de Asteraceae sendo dominantes em comparação às espécies de Poaceae. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a composição florística e avaliar o grau e efeitos da invasão biológica sobre a comunidade de campo seco foi realizado um levantamento quantitativo. Foram amostradas 31 parcelas de 1 x 1 m e levantados dados de cobertura e altura da vegetação, solo descoberto e serrapilheira. Foram calculados parâmetros fitossociológicos para cada espécie. As parcelas foram classificadas quanto ao nível de invasão por gramíneas exóticas. O efeito da invasão sobre a composição e estrutura da vegetação foi avaliado a partir de Análise de Coordenadas Principais, regressão linear e análise de variância. As gramíneas exóticas invasoras Urochloa decumbens e Digitaria eriantha subsp. pentzii foram dominantes em grande parte da vegetação campestre, modificando a estrutura e composição vegetal conforme o nível de invasão. Cerca de um terço da área encontra-se altamente invadida. Ações de remoção e controle de invasoras se fazem urgentes, considerando que este é um dos poucos fragmentos de ecossistemas naturais abertos na Coxilha das Lombas e abriga espécies ameaçadas de extinção. INVASION BY EXOTIC GRASSES IN GRASSLAND ON PALAEODUNES: EFFECTS ON FLORISTIC DIVERSITY. The Banhado dos Pachecos Wildlife Refuge, located in the Coxilha das Lombas, in Viamão/RS, Brazil, is under a process of invasion by alien grasses in its areas of dry grassland. The grassland on palaeo-dunes is the habitat of the endemic species Ctenomys lami (Rodentia, Ctenomydae) and presents a peculiar floristic composition in relation to most natural grasslands in southern Brazil, with species of the Asteraceae dominating in comparison to grasses. In order to characterize the floristic composition and to evaluate the degree and effects of biological invasion on the grassland community, a quantitative vegetation survey was carried out. In 31 plots of 1 x 1 m, data on cover and height of vegetation, bare soil and litter were collected. Phytosociological parameters were calculated for each species. The plots were classified according to the level of invasion by exotic grasses and Principal Coordinate Analysis, linear regression and Analysis of Variance were performed to observe the species distribution in the community and the effects of the invasion on the richness and structure of the vegetation. The invasive exotic grasses Urochloa decumbens and Digitaria eriantha subsp.pentzii were dominant in grassland vegetation, modifying plant structure and composition according to the level of invasion. About a third of the area is heavily invaded. Invasive removal and control actions are urgent as this is one of the few fragments of natural grasslands in the Coxilha das Lombas and is habitat to species threatened with extinction.
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