Anaplasma marginale genomic DNA was tested for the presence of repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-like sequences in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of multiple A. marginale isolates. A. marginale isolates were obtained from cattle of six different states of Brazil, from the US and an Anaplasma centrale strain was obtained from Uruguay. Patterns obtained from A. marginale isolates varied from 14 to 17 fragments by REP-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 6 to 14 fragments by ERIC-PCR. All A. marginale isolates presented a 0.75-kb fragment by REP and two common fragments (0.38 and 1.0 kb) by ERIC-PCR. These two fragments were not detectable in A. centrale. Both methods produced similar patterns (80%) among A. marginale isolates obtained from the same region, although some isolates within regions shared less similarity. Isolates from Parana and Pernambuco, were differentiated by these methods. The study demonstrates the presence of ERIC and REP-like elements in A. marginale isolates and shows that A. marginale isolates and strains can be differentiated by these methods. ß
Diversos estudos demonstram a importância de aspectos imunológicos na gestação. Durante a gestação ocorre a implantação do embrião no útero materno, onde irá se desenvolver até o final da gravidez. Dentre os aspectos imunes, pode-se citar a importância da modulação dos linfócitos T, das células natural killers (NK) e das diversas citocinas existentes no organismo materno. A tolerância materna ao feto parece ser mediada por hormônios maternos específicos e pela expressão do antígeno leucocitário humano G (HLA-G) característico na gravidez. Outros estudos sugerem que a rejeição fetal e complicações durante a gravidez podem ocorrer devido à presença de antígenos de histocompatibilidade menor (mHAg), adquiridos pela mãe a partir do compartilhamento sanguíneo com o feto, e devido à presença de anticorpos maternos contra o espermatozoide e contra o feto. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever os aspectos imunológicos que permitem a tolerância materna ao feto na gestação, assim como possíveis causas para a rejeição do embrião e complicações durante a gravidez. Resumo Palavras-chave: Gestação. Imunologia. HLA-G. Anticorpos. Citocinas.
Bucha vegetal ativada com trimetafosfato de sódio foi utilizada como suporte para a imobilização da β-glicosidase, com o objetivo de propor um novo sistema catalítico econômico e não tóxico para a aplicação industrial. A β-glicosidase foi obtida a partir de grãos de soja e parcialmente purificada por precipitação fracionada com sulfato de amônio e imobilizada em bucha vegetal tratada. A bucha foi tratada por lavagem com água quente e fria e depois ativada com trimetafosfato de sódio. O procedimento de imobilização foi otimizado, e a enzima imobilizada foi caracterizada por testes de estabilidade térmica, parâmetros cinéticos (Km e Vmax) e reutilização. Concluiu-se que a bucha vegetal, em sua estrutura natural, apresenta bons resultados de imobilização. O trimetafosfato de sódio foi um ativador eficiente. A estabilidade térmica da enzima imobilizada aumentou quando comparada à enzima livre. Foi possível reutilizá-lo cinco vezes antes que houvesse uma queda repentina na atividade. Portanto, o sistema é uma boa alternativa para a indústria, oferecendo uma opção segura e de baixo custo.
The effect of ethanol on oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized with low molecular weight surfactants was investigated. Oil‐in‐water emulsions were prepared containing varying percentages of ethanol and sunflower oil, and stabilized with different emulsifiers (Tween 20, Tween 80, and Lecithin). Droplet size, viscosity, density, and interfacial tension measurements were carried out. The droplet size of emulsions stabilized by each of the surfactants studied decreased with the addition of ethanol to the aqueous phase showing a minimum at a concentration of ethanol around 40%. The trend in droplet size is accompanied by a decrease in the interfacial tension between water and oil as the ethanol concentration increases. Viscosity measurements show that the change in viscosity of the final emulsion is the result of the change in viscosity of the continuous phase, as well as the change in solubility of the surfactants due to the addition of ethanol. The density of the continuous phase decreases with the addition of ethanol and it is possible to match the densities of the two phases in order to reduce the effect of creaming/sedimentation and improve stability. This study provides scientific evidence for the formulation of stable emulsions containing a range of ethanol form 0 to 40%.Practical ApplicationFormation and stability of food‐grade emulsions in the presence of ethanol.
Sugarcane bagasse from agro-industrial residues was autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min, treated with 2% NaOH and activated with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for the immobilization of soybean β-glucosidase. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterized and confirmed the immobilization of the β-glucosidase on the sugarcane bagasse. The immobilization efficiency was influenced by the type of bagasse modification and was 99% at maximum. The optimum immobilization conditions were 1 mg mL-1 protein, pH 7.0, 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 110 rpm and 8 h of incubation at 4 °C. The immobilized system could be reused for 15 cycles without the complete loss of activity. The thermal stability indicated a residual activity of 15% after 180 min incubation at 70 °C. The conversion efficiency of glucosides to aglycones in commercial soymilk by β-glucosidase immobilized on sugarcane bagasse was evaluated and the total aglycone content increased by 23.8% after incubation at 50 °C for 120 min.
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