The physicochemical properties of soil are fundamental to quantification of the fate of herbicides. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the fate of diuron, hexazinone, and metribuzin in five soils (Clay-1, Clay-2, Loam-1, Loam-2, and Sand), presenting variation in clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and organic carbon (OC). Herbicides radiolabeled with C were applied, and theC-CO released from mineralization was trapped in 0.2 mol L sodium hydroxide solution. The degradation ratio, as well as herbicide-bound residues (non-extractable), transformation products, and residues extractable from soil, was also evaluated. Average C-CO evolution accumulated for diuron mineralization was higher (22.24%) than hexazinone (7.73%) and metribuzin (3.20%). The degradation time half-life (DT50) values for hexazinone correlated with soil OC content. Although no correlation between soil properties and DT50 values was found for metribuzin, the degradation rate and total degree of mineralization were low in sand soil for metribuzin. Regarding diuron, OC content and CEC value appear to be related to mineralization and degradation rate, respectively. Differences in soil properties can influence the persistence and fate of herbicides, affecting their impact on the environment, weed control, and possible effects on subsequent crops.

This study aimed to evaluate the sorption-desorption and leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor from three Brazilian soils. The sorption-desorption of C-aminocyclopyrachlor was evaluated using the batch method and leaching was assessed in glass columns. The Freundlich model showed an adequate fit for the sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor. The Freundlich sorption coefficient [K] ranged from 0.37 to 1.34 µmol L kg and showed a significant positive correlation with the clay content of the soil, while the K ranged from 3.62 to 5.36 µmol L kg. The K values were higher than their respective K, indicating that aminocyclopyrachlor sorption is reversible, and the fate of this herbicide in the environment can be affected by leaching. Aminocyclopyrachlor was detected at all depths (0-30 cm) in all the studied soils, where leaching was influenced by soil texture. The total herbicide leaching from the sandy clay and clay soils was <0.06%, whereas, ∼3% leached from the loamy sand soil. The results suggest that aminocyclopyrachlor has a high potential of leaching, based on its low sorption and high desorption capacities. Therefore, this herbicide can easily contaminate underground water resources.

-Tolerance, also referred to as natural resistance, is a feature that exists in the plant even before herbicide application in an area. I. grandifolia, I. indivisa and I. purpurea are among the tolerant species most commonly found over fields in southern Brazil. We hypothesized that the intensive use of glyphosate results in increasing levels of tolerance to glyphosate, and in pronounced response variability in populations of the same Ipomoea species. This study aimed at identifying tolerance variations to glyphosate among I. grandifolia, I. indivisa and I. purpurea morning glory species and among populations of these species. In crops over Paraná and Santa Catarina states (Brazil) 31 biotypes were collected (20 I. grandifolia, 7 I. indivisa and 4 I. purpurea), on which were applied 0, 216, 432, 864, 1,296, 1,728 and 2,160 g a.e. ha -1 of glyphosate and the dose required to reduce 50% of dry matter (GR 50 ) was determined. Biotypes of all tested Ipomoea species showed variability of glyphosate tolerance. Tolerance factors had greater amplitude among biotypes of I. gradifolia and I. indivisa species (between 1.7 and 33.6 and between 3.3 and 34.2, respectively) than in I. purpurea (between 3.7 and 4.9). Especially within I. gradifolia e I. indivisa species, some biotypes required a much higher dose than the recommended one to control the wild biotype, indicating progress in the level of glyphosate tolerance; this proves the initial hypothesis of this work. Keywords

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O Paspalum virgatum L. é uma planta daninha comum de pastagens e possui difícil controle, principalmente devido sua semelhança com as forrageiras. As técnicas convencionais como gradagem e replantio da pastagem têm sido insatisfatórias no controle desta planta daninha. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle do capim-navalha (P. virgatum L.) à atrazine aplicada em pré-emergência, por meio de curva dose-resposta e a seletividade deste herbicida nas pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça. Foram realizados três experimentos independentes, com cada espécie, em dois tipos de solo (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico - LVAd de textura franco-argilosa e Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico - PVAd de textura franca), utilizando a escala percentual de notas para verificar o controle do capim-navalha e a fitotoxicidade nas forrageiras e massa seca no final dos experimentos. A atrazine controlou o capim-navalha, desde os 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA), nas doses abaixo da recomendação do fabricante (250 e 500 g ha-1 i.a.). Contudo, apesar dos sintomas de fitotoxicidade causados pela atrazine, houve retomada de crescimento aos 60 DAA tanto para B. brizantha cv. Marandu quanto para P. maximum cv. Mombaça. Houve menor fitotoxicidade às pastagens no solo de textura franco‑argilosa em relação ao solo de textura franca. A atrazine proporcionou controle eficiente do P. virgatum L. (500 g ha-1 i.a.) quando aplicada em pré-emergência e seletividade para B. brizantha cv. Marandu (<2.000 g ha-1 i.a.) e P. maximum cv. Mombaça (<500 g ha-1 i.a.).