RESUMO -O beber problemático é recorrente entre universitários e está associado a inúmeras conseqüências negativas. Portanto, é importante compreender os fatores de risco para este fenômeno. Examinou-se a relação entre expectativas sobre os efeitos do álcool e o padrão de beber de risco em universitários. Os participantes foram 165 universitários, com média de 22 anos (dp=2,5) que responderam aos inventários AUDIT e IECPA. Constatou-se que 44% dos participantes eram consumidores de risco e que 48% possuíam expectativas positivas altas. Entre elas, facilitação das intersações sociais, diminuição e/ou fuga de emoções negativas, ativação e prazer sexual, efeitos positivos na atividade e humor e na avaliação de si mesmo. Houve correlação entre beber problemático e expectativas positivas. Investigar a relação entre padrão de uso e expectativas sobre os efeitos do álcool favorece o planejamento de intervenções terapêuticas e estratégias preventivas mais precisas que visem a reduzir os riscos do beber problemático entre universitários.Palavras-chave: álcool; expectativas; universitários. Expectations and Problematic Drinking among College StudentsABSTRACT -Problematic drinking is recurrent among college students and is associated with a variety of negative consequences. Therefore, it is important to understand risk factors for this phenomenon. The present study assessed the relationship between expectations over alcohol effects and risk drinking pattern among college students. Participants were 165 college students with average age of 22 years old (dp= 2,5) who responded to the AUDIT and IECPA inventories. Results indicated that 44% of the participants were risk consumers and 48% had high positive expectations, among them facilitation of social interaction, decrease and/or escape of negative emotions, enhanced sexual pleasure, positive effects on activity, mood and self evaluation. There was a correlation between problematic drinking and positive expectations. To investigate the relationship between pattern of use and expectations over alcohol effects favours planning of therapeutical interventions and more precise preventive strategies aiming at reducing the risks of problematic drinking among college students.

The aim of this study was to compare three groups of Brazilian psychoactive substance (PAS) abuse patients (crack cocaine users, cocaine snorters, and non-cocaine PAS users) in terms of psychiatric comorbidities and severity of psychosocial problems. A cross-sectional, multi-center study was conducted at five Brazilian research centers. A total of 738 current PAS abusers seeking specialized treatment (outpatient and inpatient clinics) were assessed using the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6): 293 patients using crack cocaine were compared with 126 using powder cocaine and 319 using non-cocaine PAS (mostly alcohol and marijuana). Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed in a smaller sample (290 cases), originating from three of the centers, using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus). Crack and powder cocaine users were significantly younger than non-cocaine PAS users (31.1 ± 8.1 and 32.9 ± 8.8 vs. 42.4 ± 12, respectively; p < .001). Crack users presented a higher rate of antisocial personality disorder (25%) than powder cocaine (9%) and non-cocaine PAS users (9%), even when adjusted for confounding factors (Pr = 2.6; 95% CI 1.10-6.40). According to ASI-6 summary scores, crack users presented a significantly higher rate of occupational, family, and legal problems and reported more illegal and violent activities such as burglary and theft (23%) and threatening or assaulting (32%) than non-cocaine PAS users. Our findings, combined with the recent increase observed in the prevalence of crack use in Brazil, highlight the severity of psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial problems related to this powerful drug and corroborate the already suggested association between crack/cocaine, violence, and legal problems. Treatment programs for crack users should routinely consider the possibility of associated psychiatric comorbidities, such as antisocial personality disorder, which may affect treatment outcomes.

Lisiane Bizarro Araujo ae RESUMO. A avaliação em psicoterapia constitui um desafio para pesquisadores e clínicos. Esta revisão crítica sobre possibilidades de avaliação de processo e resultado em psicoterapia estimula o debate sobre a incorporação da prática clínica baseada em evidências como meio de obter informação científica quanto à adequação da intervenção terapêutica. Através de estudos sobre a avaliação do processo psicoterápico é possível elucidar conexões entre o tratamento psicológico e seus efeitos. Desta forma, torna-se possível identificar mecanismos de ação terapêutica e estratégias que podem potencializar o processo de mudança. Este debate poderá favorecer a aproximação entre pesquisa e prática clínica. Identificar variáveis das quais pode depender a eficácia/efetividade do tratamento psicoterápico repercute no aprimoramento do treinamento de psicólogos em formação e no delineamento de intervenções custo-efetivas. Palavras-chave: Tratamento psicoterápico, eficácia e efetividade, prática baseada em evidência.

Objective: To assess the characteristics of alcohol and drug users who seek treatment at the Brazilian Unified Health System in Brazil. Method: A multicenter cross-sectional study involving five clinical and research centers located in four Brazilian state capitals was conducted with 740 in-and outpatients. The only exclusion criterion was the presence of neurological or severe psychiatric symptoms at the moment of the interview. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were used to assess the severity of substance use and the problems related. Results: There were significantly more men than women in the sample; mean age was 36 years. The drug most frequently used at all sites was alcohol (78%), followed by cocaine/crack (51%). Alcohol was the drug that most commonly motivated treatment seeking, at all centers. ASI-6 Summary Scores for Recent Functioning (SS-Rs) were quite similar among centers. SS-Rs were compared between users who had never received treatment for psychoactive substance abuse (n = 265, 36.1%) and those who had already been treated at one or more occasions (n = 470, 63.9%). This analysis revealed significant differences between the groups in the drug, psychiatric symptoms, legal, and family/ social problems areas (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings confirm previous evidence suggesting that the management of patients seeking drug abuse treatment should take several different aspects into consideration, e.g., education, employment, and family relationships, which often appear as areas of concern for these individuals. Keywords: Substance abuse, treatment, multicenter, alcohol, drugs, public health. ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar as características dos usuários de álcool e drogas que procuram tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: Estudo transversal multicêntrico envolvendo cinco centros clínicos/de pesquisa localizados em quatro capitais brasileiras foi realizado com 740 pacientes hospitalizados e ambulatoriais. O único critério de exclusão foi a presença de sintomas neurológicos ou psiquiátricos graves no momento da entrevista. A Escala de Gravidade de Dependência (Addiction Severity Index, ASI-6) e o teste ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) foram utilizados para avaliar a severidade do uso de substância e problemas relacionados. Resultados: Houve significativamente mais homens do que mulheres na amostra; a idade média foi de 36 anos. A droga mais usada em todos os centros foi o álcool (78%), seguido de cocaína/ crack (51%). O álcool foi a droga que mais motivou procura por tratamento, em todos os centros. Os Escores Resumidos da ASI-6 para Funcionamento Recente (SS-Rs) foram bastante similares nos centros. SS-Rs foram comparados entre usuários que nunca haviam recebido tratamento para abuso de substâncias (n = 265, 36,1%) e aqueles que já haviam sido tratados uma ou mais vezes (n = 470, 63,9%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas áreas de droga, sintomas psiq...

Objectives: Depressive symptoms are associated with worse outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). However, scarce data are available regarding neurocognitive profiles across different areas of functioning among BD patients with moderate and severe depression. Our objective was to assess cognition and global functioning in a group of patients with bipolar depression. Methods: Data were available for 100 patients with bipolar depression (78% female) and 70 controls (64% female) paired by age and education level. Cognitive function was assessed with a neuropsychological test battery. Functioning was assessed with the Functioning Assessment Short Test. Results: In patients, severe depression was associated with poorer cognitive performance on measures of executive function. Patients with severe depression showed worse global functioning than those with moderate depression (z = 2.54, p = 0.011). In patients with severe depression, lower global functioning was associated with lower scores in working memory (r = -0.200, p = 0.010), and executive function (r = -0.210, p = 0.007; and r = 0.293, p o 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest cognitive impairment and global functioning impairment are associated with the severity of depressive symptoms in bipolar depression. Intensive treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with BD is crucial to improve cognitive functioning and, consequently, functional outcomes.