No abstract

As despesas com planos de saúde correspondem a uma parcela importante dos gastos privados com saúde no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a evolução dos gastos com planos de saúde das famílias brasileiras, segundo sua renda. Foram utilizados dados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Para a comparação dos valores dos gastos entre as POF, foi feita correção mediante o Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA). A proporção de famílias que tiveram gastos com planos de saúde permaneceu estável, nas duas POF estudadas (2002-2003 e 2008-2009), em torno de 24%. Todavia, o valor do gasto das famílias com planos de saúde aumentou. Entre aquelas que tiveram gasto com planos de saúde, o valor médio elevou-se de R$ 154,35 para R$ 183,97. O gasto médio com planos de saúde foi maior à medida que aumentava a renda das famílias, assim como as parcelas da renda e da despesa comprometidas com esses gastos. O gasto com planos de saúde está concentrado entre as famílias com maior renda. Para estas, os planos de saúde foram o principal componente do gasto total com saúde.

This study aimed to investigate spending on medicines by Brazilian families and related income inequalities, according to types of medicines. A cross-sectional study used data from the Family Budget Surveys conducted in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. Expenditures were corrected according to the Extended National Consumer Price Index (IPCA). The Concentration Index (CI) was calculated as a measure of inequality. Average monthly spending on medicines was BRL 53.54 in the 2002-2003 survey and BRL 59.02 in 2008-2009. CI showed spending concentration in higher-income families. Spending composition varied according to family income. Lower-income families spent predominantly on analgesics, cold medicines, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Higher-income families concentrated their spending on medicines for diabetes and hypertension (and other cardiovascular diseases). From one survey to the next, even though lower-income households reduced the percentage of their budget spent on medicines, the latter still consume a large proportion of their health spending.

No abstract

This case study describes Brazilian ethanol industry and strategic issues faced by sugarcane farmers and processors as a result of recent industry expansion into the states of Goias and Mato Grosso do Sul. It provides detailed description of the ethanol supply chain in Brazil from field to market and discusses market drivers influencing the industry. Shaped by government regulations, market liberalization, globalization, and technological change, the Brazilian ethanol industry provides a rich context for learning and applying strategic analysis tools. The case is designed to be used in a graduate or undergraduate agribusiness management or strategic management course. The specific teaching objective for this case is to refine and reinforce students’ understanding of industry analysis and the effect of market drivers on competitive forces in an industry. Students will be expected to conduct an industry analysis and provide strategy recommendations to managers of ethanol plants and farmers. The case study incorporates all of the essential information for students to understand the underlying economics of the ethanol value chain and how the external forces shape strategic growth opportunities.