ResumoCompreender a relação entre ansiedade-estado pré-competitiva e desempenho esportivo se constitui em importante meio para ajudar os esportistas a diagnosticar e controlar emoções. O presente estudo pretendeu: a) comparar o nível de ansiedade pré-competitiva entre atletas homens e mulheres, das equipes fi nalistas da Taça Paraná de Voleibol 2011; b) comparar os níveis de ansiedade pré-competitiva entre as equipes campeã e vice-campeã masculina, bem como entre as equipes campeã e vice-campeã feminina; c) comparar os níveis de ansiedade pré-competitiva dos atletas titulares e reservas, para as equipes de ambos os sexos; d) verifi car a relação entre os níveis de ansiedade pré-competitiva e o tempo de prática dos atletas das equipes masculinas, bem como das equipes femininas. Participaram do estudo quatro equipes infantojuvenis, fi nalistas da Taça Paraná 2011, totalizando 24 atletas do sexo feminino e 23 do sexo masculino (idade 16,16 ± 0,34 anos) e tempo de prática (4,97 ± 1,99 anos). Para avaliar a ansiedade pré-competitiva, utilizou-se o instrumento CSAI-2. As coletas ocorreram 30 minutos antes do início dos jogos fi nais. De forma geral, as equipes fi nalistas apresentaram níveis de ansiedade geral pré-competitiva similares, embora tenham sido encontradas diferenças signifi cativas entre atletas mulheres titulares e reservas em relação à autoconfi ança, sendo que as titulares apresentaram médias mais elevadas neste aspecto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Psicologia do esporte; Competição; Avaliação; CSAI-2.O ambiente esportivo competitivo é multifacetado, compreendendo situações que dizem respeito ao jogo, aos sentimentos dos atletas e aos acontecimentos extraquadra, como torcida, família, pressão dos técnicos, entre outros. Tais situações despertam diversas reações emocionais nos atletas, que tanto podem auxiliar como prejudicar o seu desempenho 1 .Uma das reações emocionais de maior relevância para a atuação esportiva é a ansiedade, vista como um estado subjetivo de inquietação ou desordem, decorrente de uma situação antecipada de ameaça real ou imaginária. Pode ser considerada como uma característica estável da personalidade (ansiedade traço), e/ ou com um estado emocional transitório (ansiedade--estado), que aparece em momentos especí cos 1 .As sensações corporais desagradáveis 2 que acompanham a ansiedade podem interferir no comportamento dos atletas em momentos de competição, gerando reações psicológicas e fisiológicas que tendem a prejudicar seu rendimento 3 . Entre os sinais psicológicos, encontram-se fatores como irritabilidade, confusão, diminuição da concentração, insegurança e instabilidade de humor. No âmbito das alterações siológicas, constatam-se reações como aumento da frequência cardíaca, respiratória e da circulação sanguínea, além de maior sudorese, tremores e tensão muscular 4 . É comum que esses sinais se façam presentes nos atletas antes de partidas e provas, principalmente, se o atleta sente-se inseguro em relação às suas capacidades perante os
Polymorphisms of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have been reported to be associated to weight, BMI variance and hypertriglyceridemia in adults and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of -116A (SNP: G/A; rs1126680) and 1914G (SNP: A/G; rs3495) variants of BCHE gene with anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with obesity in population sample of 115 individuals, from Southern Brazil. Participants were grouped in two categories: obese (BMI≥30) and non-obese (BMI<30). The 1914G allele showed significantly higher frequency in the obese group, and carriers of 1914G allele showed lower mean BChE activity when compared to 1914A carriers (p=0.006). Higher means of BMI (p=0.02) and triglyceride (TG; p=0.01) were found in 1914G carriers (BMI=27.57 kg/m(2); TG=150.8 mg/dL) when compared to 1914A homozygotes (BMI=25.55 kg/m(2); TG=107.9 mg/dL). Carriers of the -116A allele showed lower mean BChE activity than usual homozygotes, and the -116A variant was found in cis with 1914G (p<0.0001; D'=1). The region of BCHE gene that contains the 1914G mutation site is target of microRNAs (miRs) and the response of BChE to glucocorticoids is especially influenced by these miRs. Therefore, it is possible that the 1914G allele can be interfering in gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, lipolysis and body fat distribution. This lower activity may cause an imbalance in lipid metabolism, which may lead to an increased predisposition to obesity and to a lower ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis.
In this study, we investigated the influence of two SNPs (rs846910 and rs12086634) of the HSD11B1 gene that encodes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(11β-HSD1), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to cortisone, on variables associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in 215 individuals of both sexes from southern Brazil. The HSD11B1 gene variants were genotyped using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were measured by standard automated methods. Significant results were found in women, with carriers of the G allele of SNP rs12086634 having higher glucose levels than non-carriers. Carriers of the A allele of SNP rs846910 had higher levels of HDL-cholesterol. The involvement of both polymorphisms as independent factors in determining the levels of glucose and HDL-cholesterol was confirmed by multiple regression analysis (β = 0.19 ±0.09, p = 0.03 and β= 0.22 ± 0.10, p = 0.03, respectively). Our findings suggest that the HSD11B1SNPs studied may indirectly influence glucose and HDL-cholesterol metabolism in women, possibly through down-regulation of the HSD11B1 gene by estrogen.
Adiponectin is an adipokine inversely correlated with obesity, which has beneficial effect on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Considering its potential as a therapeutic target in the metabolic disorder contexts, and in order to add knowledge in the area, our study evaluated the ADIPOQ 276G > T polymorphism effect on adiponectin levels, and on lipoproteins of clinical interest in a population sample composed of 211 healthy individuals. Significant effects were observed only among men: the carriers of heterozygous genotype (GT) showed high levels of adiponectin (p = 0.018), while the rare homozygous genotype (TT) gave its carriers a negative phenotype, represented by higher levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.004 and p = 0.005) and total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.010 and p = 0.005) compared to carriers of other genotypes (GG and GT respectively), the independent effect of SNP on LDL-C and TC levels was confirmed by multiple regression analysis (p = 0.008 and p = 0.044). We found no evidence of correlation between circulating adiponectin levels and biochemical markers, which suggests, therefore, an SNP 276G > T independent effect on adiponectin levels and on lipoprotein metabolism in men enrolled in this study.
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