The interruption of trade relationships impacts economic growth. This article aims to identify the major determinants of patterns and duration of trade relationships across three country groups: Developing South; Emerging South; and North. We find duration increases monotonically with the level of economic development of the exporting country. Empirical investigations of 96 countries in 1995-2004 reveal three key results. First, initial export value is positively correlated with export survival. Second, the relationship between export duration and product type illustrates the competition patterns characterising products. Third, in Developing South economies fixed costs to export increase the duration of exporting, while they decrease it in Emerging South and North countries. ARTICLE HISTORYTrade and development; trade barriers; export costs; export duration; emerging economies RÉSUMÉ L'interruption des relations commerciales a des répercussions sur la croissance économique. Cet article vise à identifier les principaux déterminants des régularités et de la durée des relations commerciales au sein de trois groupes de pays: Sud en développement, Sud émergent et Nord. Nous constatons que la durée des relations commerciales augmente de façon constante avec le niveau de développement économique du pays exportateur. Des études empiriques auprès de 96 pays entre 1995 et 2004 révèlent trois résultats principaux. Premièrement, la valeur initiale d'exportation est positivement corrélée avec la survie de l'exportation. Deuxièmement, la relation entre la durée de l'exportation et le type de produit illustre le régularité de la concurrence caractérisant les produits. Troisièmement, dans les économies du Sud en développement des coûts fixes d'exportation augmentent la durée d'exportation, mais ils la diminuent dans les pays du Sud émergent et les pays du Nord.

Natural leachates ofEucalyptus globulus (throughfall, stemflow, and soil percolates) were collected daily during rainy spells in the vegetative period (February-July), and their effects on the germination and radicle growth ofLactuca sativa were measured. Concurrently, the effects ofL. sativa of topsoil and leachates from decaying litter were determined. The results suggest that toxic allelochemicals released byEucalyptus globulus may influence the composition and structure of the understory of the plantation and that this effect is attributable mainly to the decomposition products of decaying litter rather than to aerial leachates. The soil may neutralize or dilute allelopathic agents, at least below the top few cms.

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Schinus areira L. is a native plant from South America used for centuries in traditional medicine. Here, we investigate the antimicrobial activity of four essential oils extracted from leaves and fruits of S. areira exhibiting different chemical profiles. The antibacterial activity against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus susceptible as well as methicillin resistant strain was assessed by the broth microdilution assay. The results showed that the limonene-rich oil extracted from the leaves and fruits have potent antibacterial effect on S. aureus ATCC 25923, while the α-phellandrene-rich fruit oil having a lower content of limonene showed the lowest antibacterial efficacy. In this work, for the first time, we demonstrated the bactericidal activity of essential oils isolated from fruits and leaves of S. areira against susceptible and methicillin resistant S. aureus strains. All results point out the potential use of the S. areira oils as antimicrobial agents to be used, at least against Staphylococcal infections.