To this day, any photosensitizers for the photodynamic treatment of pulmonary illnesses have been administered intravenously. There is, however, an intrinsic difficulty in reaching the target cells or bacteria in the respiratory system. Nebulization could overcome distribution problems and alleviate side effects by delivering the photosensitizers directly to the lungs. In this study, we evaluated the viability of three photosensitizers (indocyanine green, the chlorine Photodithazine®, and the porphyrin Photogem®) was evaluated comparatively in a jet nebulizer. Quantitative analysis was performed by looking at the droplet size, extent of nebulization, output over time, and stability of the solutions. All of the tested photosensitizers were found to be adequately nebulized. We also demonstrated the delivery of indocyanine green to the pulmonary tract and its activation with infrared light in a murine model using extracorporeal detection of fluorescence. This was an important step towards clinical implementation of the extracorporeally-illuminated photodynamic inactivation of pneumonia, recently demonstrated in vivo by this research group. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Venturi scrubbers provide highly efficient removal of particles from dust-laden gases. A uniform distribution of droplets improves the collection efficiency. Most computational models used to predict the dispersion of liquid in scrubbers employ the Boll correlation to calculate the mean droplet size. Given the lack of studies considering the effect of droplet size distribution on the liquid dispersion in Venturi scrubbers, the present work provides an experimental and numerical evaluation of this effect. Experimental measurements of droplet size distribution and liquid dispersion were made under different conditions. The fluid dynamic was simulated with ANSYS Fluent 14.0 software, using a discrete phase trajectory model. The simulations were performed with droplet size distributions measured experimentally and predicted using parameters from literature. The results for the simulated liquid dispersions were in agreement with the experimental data and indicated a strong dependence of the liquid distribution in the scrubber on the parameter values used in the droplet size distribution model.

Article Highlights • Cyclone spray scrubber is an effective device for the removal of fine particles • Great performance on fine particulate removal at low L/G flow ratio and pressure drop conditions • Inlet air velocity and water injection position influence the collection efficiency • Liquid-togas flow ratio strongly affects the performance of cyclone spray scrubber • Smaller droplet sizes increase the collection efficiency of fine solid particles Abstract Cyclones are not classified as effective devices for removing fine particles, while high efficiency wet scrubbers usually have high operational costs. In order to achieve better performance, the aim of this study is to evaluate, for the first time, a cyclone scrubber design based on the dimensions of a Stairmand cyclone separator with the inclusion of liquid injection nozzles located in different positions to improve the separation of fine particles. Given the lack of studies considering the effect of liquid injection and other operational conditions in the removal performance of a cyclone scrubber with Stairmand dimensions, the present paper provides a complete evaluation of these effects for the separation of sugar cane bagasse ash from air. The parameters investigated were inlet gas velocity, liquid injection position, liquid-togas flow ratio and droplet size distribution. The cyclone scrubber performance was evaluated considering collection efficiency and pressure drop. Overall efficiency of almost 99% and low-pressure drop was achieved by employing a liquid-togas flow ratio of 0.43 L/m³ for the collection of ash from the combustion of sugar cane bagasse. Grade efficiencies revealed that injecting droplets into cyclones significantly improved the removal of fine particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm.

Environmental concerns have been motivating the use of renewable energysources to meet sustainable requirements. In this context, concentrated solarpower driven by organic Rankine cycles has been classified as an up-andcomingtechnology to generate energy under low and moderate temperatures.In order to have a better understanding of the availability and utilization of thisenergy resource, the purpose of the present study is to perform acomprehensive energetic, exergetic and heat transfer analysis of a 200 kWsolar organic Rankine cycle through the presentation of the energy and exergyefficiencies and losses for each component; the exergy destruction at all stagesof the process; and the heat transfer behavior along the receiver. The thermalmodel was developed in Engineering Equation Solver and validated withliterature data. The solar collector was operated with Therminol 66 and theworking fluid employed in the power block was cyclohexane. The energeticefficiencies achieved in the solar field, power block, and overall system were64.97; 21.36; and 13.87 %, respectively. Considering the exergetic efficiencies,they were 27.37; 54.45; and 14.89 %, respectively. The solar resource variationshowed that the higher DNI value, the better the system performance.

Elaborado por Maurício Amormino Júnior-CRB6/2422 O conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade são de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores. 2019 Permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores, mas sem a possibilidade de alterá-la de nenhuma forma ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais.