BackgroundStudies on diabetic foot and its complications involving a significant and representative sample of patients in South American countries are scarce. The main objective of this study was to acquire clinical and epidemiological data on a large cohort of diabetic patients from 19 centers from Brazil and focus on factors that could be associated with the risk of ulcer and amputation.MethodsThis study presents cross sectional, baseline results of the BRAZUPA Study. A total of 1455 patients were included. Parameters recorded included age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes and comorbidity-related records, previous ulcer or amputation, clinical symptomatic score, foot classification and microvascular complications.ResultsPatients with ulcer had longer disease duration (17.2 ± 9.9 vs. 13.2 ± 9.4 years; p < 0.001), and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c 9.23 ± 2.03 vs. 8.35 ± 1.99; p < 0.001). Independent risk factors for ulcer were male gender (OR 1.71; 95 % CI 1.2–3.7), smoking (OR 1.78; 95 % CI 1.09–2.89), neuroischemic foot (OR 20.34; 95 % CI 9.31–44.38), region of origin (higher risk for those from developed regions, OR 2.39; 95 % CI 1.47–3.87), presence of retinopathy (OR 1.68; 95 % CI 1.08–2.62) and absence of vibratory sensation (OR 7.95; 95 % CI 4.65–13.59). Risk factors for amputation were male gender (OR 2.12; 95 % CI 1.2–3.73), type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33; 95 % CI 1.01–11.1), foot at risk classification (higher risk for ischemic foot, OR 19.63; 95 % CI 3.43–112.5), hypertension (lower risk, OR 0.3; 95 % CI 0.14–0.63), region of origin (South/Southeast, OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.1–4.42), previous history of ulcer (OR 9.66; 95 % CI 4.67–19.98) and altered vibratory sensation (OR 3.46; 95 % CI 1.64–7.33). There was no association between either outcome and ethnicity.ConclusionsUlcer and amputation rates were high. Age at presentation was low and patients with ulcer presented a higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to ischemic foot at risk. Ischemic disease was more associated with amputations. Ethnical differences were not of great importance in a miscegenated population.
Objective: Evaluate self-care activities of people with diabetes mellitus who have ulcers and/or amputations in lower limbs. Methods: Cross-sectional study utilizing a quantitative approach developed in secondary and tertiary health units. The research instrument for the evaluation of self-care was the Diabetes Questionnaire of Self-Care Activities, previously validated for the Portuguese language. This questionnaire was applied to a convenience sample consisting of 35 people. Results: Desirable self-care was noted i.e. good self-care related to the use of drug therapy, and the opposite for the practice of physical activities. Conclusion: Data suggested that continuous follow-up of these individuals in caring for their ulcers can contribute to self-care activities; the presence of ulcers limits the practice of physical activity. ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar as atividades de autocuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus que possuem úlceras e/ou amputações em membros inferiores. Métodos: Estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em unidades secundária e terciária da saúde. O instrumento de pesquisa para avaliação do autocuidado foi o Questionário de Atividades de Autocuidado com o Diabetes, previamente validado para a língua portuguesa. Aplicou-se esse questionário a uma amostra de conveniência, composta por 35 pessoas. Resultados: Observou-se um autocuidado desejável, ou seja, um bom autocuidado, relacionado ao uso da terapia medicamentosa e o contrário para a prática de atividade física. Conclusão: Os dados sugeriram que o acompanhamento contínuo dessas pessoas, no cuidado das úlceras, pode contribuir às atividades de autocuidado; a presença das úlceras limita a prática da atividade física.
Ochoa-Vigo K, Pace AE. Pé diabético: estratégias para prevenção. Acta Paul Enferm 2005; 18(1):100-9.RESUMO: Aproximadamente 50% das amputações não-traumáticas em membros inferiores ocorrem entre pessoas com diabetes. As amputações são precedidas por úlceras, caracterizadas por lesões cutâneas, com perda do epitélio, que podem estender-se até a derme ou chegar a tecidos profundos. As úlceras, geralmente, são acompanhadas de insensibilidade por neuropatia periférica crônica e associadas a pequenos traumas que se originam do uso de calçados inapropriados, dermatoses comuns ou manipulações incorretas dos pés. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as principais estratégias para avaliar fatores de risco que conduzem ao desenvolvimento de complicações nos membros inferiores entre pessoas com diabetes, bem como considerá-las uma responsabilidade da equipe de assistência primária. É um trabalho de revisão da literatura, com ênfase na avaliação dos pés como medida preventiva fundamental, para identificar, precocemente, as alterações neurológica e vascular periféricas e disfunções biomecânicas. Destaca-se a avaliação dos calçados como fator externo.
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