In this paper we present a descriptive study on the compatibility of emphatic reciprocal expressions with Spanish lexical reciprocal (or symmetric) verbs. Since lexical reciprocal verbs express reciprocity intrinsically, they should not require the use of an emphatic reciprocal expression to denote reciprocal meaning. Some scholars even claim that some emphatic reciprocal expressions, such as mutuamente, are incompatible. The aim of this paper is to describe to what extent symmetric verbs can be used with four of these expressions using an empirical approach. The results obtained shed light to the questions raised: we have been able to verify that these expressions are more frequent with non-reciprocal verbs and we have proved that the combination of symmetric verbs with all these expressions is possible, even in the case of mutuamente.KEYWORDS: lexical reciprocal verbs, symmetric verbs, emphatic reciprocal expressions, reciprocity, corpus Expresiones recíprocas enfáticas y verbos simétricos en español: un análisis empírico RESUMEN: En este artículo presentamos un estudio descriptivo sobre la compatibilidad de las expresiones recíprocas enfáticas y los verbos recíprocos (o simétricos). En tanto que los verbos recíprocos expresan reciprocidad intrínsecamente, es previsible que no requieran el uso de una expresión recíproca enfática para expresar el significado recíproco. Algunos autores incluso defienden que algunas expresiones recíprocas enfáticas, como mutuamente, son incompatibles con estos predicados. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir hasta qué punto los verbos simétricos pueden ser usados junto con cuatro de estas expresiones, para lo cual hemos utilizado una metodología basada en corpus. Los resultados obtenidos responden a las preguntas planteadas: hemos podido verificar la más elevada frecuencia de estas expresiones con verbos no recíprocos que con predicados recíprocos y hemos probado que la combinación de estos últimos con todas estas expresiones es posible, incluso con mutuamente.
In this paper, we present the annotation scheme used in the SenSem corpora (SSC), for Spanish and Catalan, to codify information regarding aspectuality, modality, polarity and factuality. As regards aspectuality, the most relevant contribution is the codi cation of information about dynamicity, telicity and iterativity. Regarding factuality, we present a more ne-grained annotation of uncertainty as applied to the identi cation of impossible events, completely uncertain events and neutral uncertain events. Although information about factuality in Spanish has been provided elsewhere, the Catalan SSC is the only corpus to do so for Catalan.
The multifunctional tool this paper presents has been developed within the TAGFACT project, a project that aims to automate the annotation of factuality –understood as the degree of commitment with which the writer presents situations– in Spanish journalistic texts. In what follows, the tool, which allows the compilation of the texts and the manual annotation of predicates, is described. The corpus created using it has been extracted in groups of three pieces of news covering the same event from newspapers with different ideologies (left wing, right wing and centrist). It is made up of 176 different pieces of news, containing 1,359 sentences and 46,947 words. The tool has been used so far to manually annotate a section of the ‘Gold Standard’ (approximately 10,000 words). It has proved to be versatile in that it allows for both the creation and management of corpora and corpus annotation, using any tags the user wants depending on the purpose of each corpus.
In this article we present a detailed description of the event structure of the reciprocal situations expressed lexically in Spanish. The description is based on the sentences extracted from a Spanish corpus. We put forward a proposal that involves differentiating between the simple or multiple nature of the reciprocal event and also between the independent or dependent relation of the subevents that make up a reciprocal situation. We characterize reciprocal verbs according to an aspectual typology and we also contribute a new analysis of the so-called collective verbs in order to distinguish them from reciprocal predicates. Finally, we propose a redefinition of the condition of bidirectionality for reciprocal situations.
En este artículo se presenta un análisis lexicográfico de un subgrupo de la clase de los verbos recíprocos léxicos del español, que en general ha sido muy poco estudiada. Concretamente hemos estudiado 49 verbos polisémicos que presentan al menos una acepción recíproca y pronominal. En primer lugar, se constata si, tal como propone Dimitriadis (2008), cuando estos verbos adoptan el clítico, la presencia de este elemento sirve para contrastar el sentido recíproco con otros sentidos. En segundo lugar, se analiza el tratamiento que han recibido estos predicados en tres obras lexicográficas con el fin de verificar en qué porcentaje estos recursos identifican el uso simétrico de estos verbos polisémicos, teniendo en cuenta especialmente que algunos usos no recíprocos de estos predicados son muy próximos a los recíprocos. En tercer lugar, dado que en el análisis realizado se han observado ciertas ambivalencias en la representación lexicográfica de este tipo de predicados, el objetivo último es presentar una propuesta de representación lexicográfica para los usos recíprocos de estos verbos teniendo en cuenta la distinta casuística observada.
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