The Totonac homegarden is a traditionally designed agroecosystem mixing different elements, such as cultivated and wild plants, and livestock. Our objective was to understand the role and importance of homegardens as a strategy for subsistence and natural resources management. Anthropological fieldwork was carried out in Coxquihui, Veracruz, Mexico, a Totonac community. Conventional sampling using a questionnaire yielded a sample of 40 individuals, each representing a family group. Personal interviews, life stories, observations, and field transects enriched survey information. Fieldwork permitted identification of four types of Totonac homegardens: backyards, cropping fields, acahuales or fallow fields, and fences or field edges. Each of these gardens yields an array of products and services important for several cultural roles and natural resource management aims. Totonacs see land as the dominant and most critical resource. A great deal of terrain is steeply sloped and soils are poor. Homegardens play a key role in a production system that minimizes these site limitations, striking a balance between resource maintenance and subsistence needs. Their functions are ecological, to foster a multistrata vegetation cover, and a continuous supply of organic matter to the soil; economic, serving as living storehouses where diverse products (food, timber, firewood, forage, animals, ceremonial supplies, medicinal products), are kept through the annual cycle; and social, performing various social roles such as growing medicinal, ritual, and edible plants, thus supporting beliefs and culture continuity. Studies like this contribute to a better understanding of Totonac culture and native ecology, and give ideas for a better land management.

RESUMENSe delimitaron las zonas áridas y húmedas de México, mediante el Índice de Aridez (IA) de la UNEP (IA = Pma / Evt). La Precipitación Media Anual (Pma) y la Evaporación (Ev), provienen de registros de 2,165 y 1,750 estaciones del SMN, respectivamente. La Evapotranspiración Potencial (Evt) se calculó mediante la expresión Evt = Ev * 0.8. Se interpolaron las variables Pma y Evt con resolución de 90 m. y mediante álgebra de mapas se obtuvo el IA, clasificándolo de acuerdo a la UNEP y cuantificando su población. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los valores calculados de Evt y los registrados en 30 estaciones del CLIMWAT-FAO (P= 0,489). Se encontró que las zonas hiperáridas, áridas y semiáridas ocupan el 1, 27 y 35 % del territorio nacional y son habitadas por el 1, 7 y 33 % de la población nacional, respectivamente. Las zonas subhúmedas-secas, subhúmedas-húmedas y húmedas, ocupan el 11, 16 y 15 % del territorio nacional, y son habitadas por el 27, 15 y 16 % de los habitantes del país. Esto implica que 63 % del territorio nacional presenta algún nivel de aridez y que lo habita el 41 % de la población del país. ABSTRACTThe arid and humid zones of Mexico were delimited using the Aridity Index (AI) adopted by the United Nations Environment Programme (AI = Map / Evt). Mean annual precipitation (Map) and evaporation (Ev) data were obtained from the records of 2,165 and 1,750 SMN (Mexico's weather service) stations, respectively. Potential evapotranspiration (Evt) was calculated using the expression Evt = Ev * 0.8. Both variables (Map and Evt) were interpolated with a resolution of 90 m. and a map algebra was used to obtain the AI, which was classified according to UNEP classes and its population quantified. There were no significant differences between the Evt calculated and the Evt recorded at 30 CLIMWAT-FAO stations (P=0.489). It was found that hyper-arid, arid and semi-arid zones occupy 1, 27 and 35 % of the country's total area and are inhabited by 1, 7 and 33 % of the population, respectively. The dry-subhumid, moistsubhumid and humid zones occupy 11, 16 and 15 % of the country's landbase and are inhabited by 27, 15 and 16 5 % of Mexico's inhabitants. This means that 63 % of the country has some level of dryness and is inhabited by 41 % of the nation's population. PALABRAS CLAVE:Desertificación, GIS, evapotranspiración, precipitación, zonas áridas.

The objective was evaluating the response to mineral (230-0-300 and 230-0-0 g NPK tree -1 ) and organic: vermicompost, bokashi and chicken manure (5 and 10 t ha -1 ) fertilizers in soil nutrimental content (pH, MO, macro and micronutriments), trunk diameter, flowering, and yield of three mango cultivars: 'Manila', 'Tommy Atkins', and 'Ataulfo'. For soil variables were design completely random and other variables a split-plot in completely random. Differences between contents of N, K, Ca, Cu and Zn were showed in soil. Differences were showed between cultivars in trunk diameter. Flowering showed differences among cultivars and fertilizers. Regarding yield in 2010, only 'Tommy Atkins' fruits were harvested, showing differences between fertilizers and control. In 2011, were differences among cultivars and fertilizers, chicken manure and mineral fertilizers outperformed the control. In 2012, 'Tommy Atkins' outperformed 'Ataulfo'. It is concluded that chicken manure 10 t ha -1 , were similar to nitrogen doses on soil contents of N, K, Cu and Zn; fertilizer do not have influence in the trunk diameter; on flowering and yield, bokashi and chicken manure 10 t ha -1 , were similar to nitrogen doses.

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