:Este texto trata do uso da revista como fonte histórica, procurando apontar suas características de documento múltiplo para recuperação da História, insistindo na necessidade preliminar de sua crítica exaustiva, em função do caráter mercantil e/ou ideológico que preside tais publicações. Concomitantemente, levanta dois aspectos que demandam análise apurada: a segmentação que preside o periódico e que define sua linha editorial e as ilustrações que o compõe, sem perder de vista as seções que conformam a publicação. Toma como exemplo revistas paulistanas de 1890 a 1920. -: revista, ilustração, História de São Paulo.A reconstrução do passado -desafio tanto maior quanto as inú-meras possibilidades suscitadas por novas técnicas e abordagensvem sendo objeto de tratamentos vários, passíveis de resultarem eles próprios em referenciais históricos fundamentais de períodos e épocas em que foram formulados. A valorização do fato na histoire événemen-tielle de Jules Michelet (1798-1874), ou aquela dita científica e organizada no quadro do Estado, como a quis Leopold Ranke (1795-1886), seguida da contribuição marxista até chegarmos à diversificação de fontes e abordagens sugeridas pela École des Annales, no século XX, constituem-se em indicadores que, por si sós, revelam a historicidade, valores e até mesmo as conquistas metodológicas que presidiram os respectivos tempos.Ao longo destas contribuições é extenso o rol de fontes convencionais, tradicionalmente manuseadas pelo historiador e credenciadas como documentos legítimos a respaldar as investigações acadêmico-cien-,  ,  (): -,  

Soil fauna play an important role in ecosystems, and in this context, it is important to better understand how the abiotic and biotic drivers of these organisms interact. We hypothesize that soil fauna are affected by different soil management practices, which has an influence on maize grain yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of soil fauna under different soil management practices and their associations with maize grain yield. The experiment was conducted in Maranhão, Brazil, in an area divided into 24 plots of 4 × 10 m in a randomized block design with six treatments with four replicates (R). Pitfall traps were placed in the area. The treatments were Leucaena leucocephala-Leucaena (L), nitrogen (N), humic acid + nitrogen (HA + N), nitrogen + Leucaena (N + L), humic acid + Leucaena (HA + L) and humic acid + nitrogen + Leucaena (HA + N + L). The soil fauna dominance, abundance, richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index and maize grain yield were determined. Formicidae was clearly affected by management with Leucaena, while Coleoptera was affected by management with nitrogen. Despite this, Isopoda and Diplura were the only groups associated with the maize yield. Although fauna abundance did not differ among treatments, it was related to the yield. This study confirms that the abundance and some taxa of soil fauna can influence yield and that these organisms can be used to increase agricultural sustainability.

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Soil fauna activities transform the soil, but soil organisms are also influenced by changes in the land. We hypothesize that different soil fertilization regimes modify soil fauna and in this way affect maize grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different soil fertilization regimes on the structure of the soil fauna and the association between these organisms and the maize grain yield. The experiment was conducted in Maranhão State (Brazil), in an alley crop system which was divided into 32 plots of 4×10 m, with four replicates and the following treatments: Gliricidia sepium – gliricidia (G), potassium (K), humic acid (HA), humic acid + potassium (HA + K), potassium + gliricidia (K + G), humic acid + potassium + gliricidia (HA + K + G), humic acid + gliricidia (HA + G) and uncovered soil (US). Soil fauna dominance, abundance, richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, and Pielou evenness index and maize grain yield were determined. Fertilization with humic acid and potassium caused the dominance of isopods. The dominance of ants was also related to soil potassium (K treatment). The only taxon associated with yield was Araneae. Although fauna abundance did not show differences between treatments, it was related to yield. This study does not confirm the hypothesis that different soil fertilization regimes affect soil fauna and consequently influence maize grain yield. Nevertheless, we confirm that maize grain yield may be improved by the presence of specific groups and by the increased abundance of soil fauna.