The invasive spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is a major pest of soft-skinned fruits. Since its introduction into North America and Europe, significant progress has been made in understanding the volatile cues used by this fly during food, oviposition site, and mate finding. Despite this progress, commercially available lures are non-selective. Here, we tested two Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus) yeast compounds (isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate) and a leaf compound β-cyclocitral alone and in combination with a blend of four fermentation compounds (‘Fermentation lure’: acetic acid, ethanol, methionol, and acetoin) to improve D. suzukii attraction and selectivity. In laboratory assays, males and females were attracted to all seven individual compounds, although in electrophysiological assays, their antennae exhibited a dose-dependent response to only four of these compounds. In two-choice cage studies, the Fermentation lure was more attractive to D. suzukii than water controls, whereas β-cyclocitral and the mixture of isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate were not attractive in this larger-cage study. Moreover, adding the two-component H. uvarum compound blend to the Fermentation lure reduced D. suzukii attraction to the Fermentation blend. When these experiments were repeated in blueberry, raspberry, blackberry, and cherry orchards across several states in the United States over 2 yr, similar outcomes were observed: β-cyclocitral or the mixture of the H. uvarum blend did not improve the attractiveness of the Fermentation lure or its selectivity. This study demonstrates that cues from different sources may interfere with each other and reduce D. suzukii attraction to otherwise attractive odor combinations.

fEEding spEcificitY: sEarching a taxonomic charactEr for thE diffErEntiation of tWo crYptic spEciEs of mEalYbugs of thE gEnus PLANOCOCUS (hEmiptEra: psEudococcidaE) abstract-The aim of this study was to investigate a possible host specificity of two cryptic species of mealybugs of the genus Planococcus, reflected in its development in fruits of cocoa, coffee and citrus. The mealybugs Planococcus minor were obtained from cocoa fruits (Theobroma cacao L. cv. Comum) and citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, from coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo) and citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Bahia). Both species were reared on pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima L.) under laboratory conditions. Coffee fruit clusters were kept into a Petri dish containing a 5 mm-agar layer sealed with PVC film. On citrus and cocoa fruits the insects were confined inside a clip-cage attached to the fruit.The tests were carried out in environmental chambers at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and 12 hours photophase using 30 replications. For mealybugs from coffee, the coffee substrate provided the greatest female nymphal period (20.8 days) and longevity (31.7 days). For females from cocoa, the lowest nymphal period (21.1 days) and longevity (25.0 days) were promoted by cocoa substrate. For those from citrus, cocoa substrate promoted the lowest nymphal period (18.4 days) and the substrate citrus promoted the greatest longevity (32.0 days). The highest mortality (50%) occurred in nymphs derived from cocoa and citrus fruits, rearing in coffee and cocoa, and the smallest were derived from coffee fruits, regardless of the substrate on which they were rearing. The results did not show a clear host specificity despite of the mealybug P. minor showed a closer association with the cocoa and eventually coffee which would explain its greater frequency in cacao. On the other hand, the citrus mealybug, P. citri, did not show any specificity for the three tested hosts. index terms: Planococcus citri, Planococcus minor, host specificity, biology.1

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RESUMO O conhecimento da distribuição vertical da cochonilha Planococcus citri em plantas de café faz-se necessário para tornar o seu monitoramento e controle mais eficientes. Assim, avaliou-se a distribuição de ninfas da cochonilha em diferentes partes da planta de café, Coffea arabica L., cv Mundo Novo em cinco temperaturas. A planta de café foi subdividida em porção superior (brotações, quarto e quinto pares de folhas e respectivo caule), porção mediana (folhas cotiledonares, segundo e terceiro pares de folhas e respectivo caule) e porção inferior (colo e raiz). As plantas, após a infestação de dez ninfas de 2°/3° instar na porção superior e colo, foram acondicionadas em câmaras climatizadas a 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35º C. As avaliações foram realizadas sete dias após, registrando-se o número de cochonilhas presentes em cada parte da planta. Constatou-se que a distribuição dos insetos variou de acordo com a temperatura. A 20 e 25° C, esses insetos encontra-ram-se distribuídos uniformemente nas três porções das plantas, porém a 15° C migraram para a porção inferior, e em maior número nas raízes. A 30° C houve predominância das ninfas na porção superior da planta, contudo, a 35° C deslocaram-se para a porção mediana.