Prenatal exposure to misoprostol has been associated with Moebius and limb defects. Vascular disruption has been proposed as the mechanism for these teratogenic effects. The present study is a multicenter, case-control study that was designed to compare the frequency of prenatal misoprostol use between mothers of Brazilian children diagnosed with vascular disruption defects and matched control mothers of children diagnosed with other types of defects. A total of 93 cases and 279 controls were recruited in eight participating centers. Prenatal exposure was identified in 32 infants diagnosed with vascular disruption defects (34.4%) compared with only 12 (4.3%) in the control group (P<0.0000001). Our data suggest that prenatal exposure to misoprostol is associated to the occurrence of vascular disruption defects in the newborns.
Compaction is essential in earthworks of civil infrastructures, such as dam embankments, building foundations, roads, and other transport infrastructures. The nuclear method is a non-destructive test that has been one of the most used field tests in the quality control of compaction for a long time due to its easy operation and accuracy. The technique uses nuclear equipment to measure soil and aggregates' moisture content and in-situ density. The fidelity of the method according to Portuguese technology is still unknown. The paper has two main objectives: (1) to describe the application of the non-destructive testing method to the quality control of compaction; (2) to present the repeatability and reproducibility of the method in its application to the case of soils based on proficiency tests. The paper presents the methodology followed in carrying out the proficiency tests and analysing the results related to the method's fidelity. The work points out the most critical aspects of the test and presents the repeatability and reproducibility related to in situ density and moisture content in the cases of direct transmission and backscatter measurements.
El Estado Chileno, en las últimas décadas, ha orientado su acción en el área social de las políticas públicas hacia la generación de un Sistema de Protección social que, en términos declarativos, apunta a generar condiciones para el disfrute y ejercicio de los derechos de las personas, concebidas como titulares de un conjunto de prerrogativas y facultades que el Estado debe respetar, proteger y promover.Dicho sistema pareciera ser ampliamente incluyente tanto respecto de la población que abarca, como de los derechos y recursos que provee. No obstante, al observar algunas de las iniciativas que comprende, se aprecia que éstas darían cuenta de una opción por los sectores más pobres de la población, debiendo los otros grupos sociales satisfacer sus necesidades, cada vez más, a través del mercado privado de recursos y servicios. Además de los problemas de cohesión social que esta situación genera, el análisis documental de programas sociales orientados a grupos que viven en situaciones de extrema pobreza, permite interrogarse respecto de la capacidad que poseen los programas de transferencia de renta -en tanto componente fundamental del actual sistema de protección social chileno-, para abordar la superación de la pobreza extrema en el país. Para ello, en este artículo, se adopta la perspectiva de los Derechos Humanos en el análisis de los programas de transferencia de renta, examinando el cumplimiento de ciertos criterios que, desde este enfoque, permitan establecer la existencia concreta de una propuesta normativa y operativamente fundada para la promoción, protección y garantía de los derechos civiles, políticos, económico-sociales y culturales (DESC).
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