The (organo)gallium compounds GaCl{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappa2S,P}2 (1), Ga{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappa2S,P}{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappaS}2 (2), GaMe2{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappa2S,P} (3), GatBu2{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappa2S,P} (4), GatBu{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappa2S,P}{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappaS} (5), [GaMe2{(mu2-SC6H4-2-AsPh2)-kappaS}]2 (6), and GatBu{(SC6H4-2-AsPh2)-kappa2S,As}{(SC6H4-2-AsPh2)-kappaS} (7) were obtained from the reaction of 2-EPh2C6H4SH (E = P (PSH), As (AsSH)) with GaCl3 (1, 2) or GaR3 (R = Me, tBu; 3-7) in different molar ratios and under different reaction conditions. Compound 2 was also obtained from Li(PS) and GaCl3 (3.5:1). While a monomeric structure with a chelating phosphinoarylthiolato ligand is observed in GaMe2{(SC6H4-2-PPh2)-kappa2S,P} (3), a dimeric arsinoarylthiolato-bridged complex [GaMe2{(mu2-SC6H4-2-AsPh2)-kappaS}]2 (6) is obtained with the corresponding AsS- ligand. B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations show that although the dimer is thermodynamically favored for both ligands, the formation of 3 is due to the combination of higher stability of the chelate compared with the monodentate phosphorus ligand and a higher barrier for the ring opening of the PS- than of the AsS- chelate.

In Transylvania, the evolution of wheat insect pests is strongly influenced by the ecotehnological conditions, by climate change and current technology (Malschi, 2009. The paper presents the dynamics and importance of the main pests of wheat (thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, wheat flies, cereals sunbugs, investigated under the integrated pest control system suitable of the area. During 2015-2016, the investigations were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, from the wheat no tillage cultural system with cereal rotation of three years and applying all zonal recommendations of technology and phytosanitary complex. The pest monitoring was performed based on the samples collected with entomological net, by decadal 100 sweep-net catches/sample. The study data shows the danger of the attack of abundant populations of wheat flies (Phorbia securis, Delia coarctata, Opomyza florum, Oscinella frit etc.; wheat fleas (Chaetocnema aridula) and cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopa); leafhoppers (Psammotettix alienus, Javesella pellucida, Macrosteles laevis); aphids (Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum padi); thrips (Haplothrips tritici), sunbugs (Eurygaster maura, Aelia acuminata) etc., and the necessity of applying insecticide treatments on the vegetation.Since 2015, a stronger impact of global warming on the wheat pests structure (%) are found. This change began on the last ten years. The importance of cereal sunbugs is increasing, well as the importance of the wheat flies, aphids and leafhoppers, which requires professional study on the pest dynamics and adequate integrated control of wheat pests.

The paper presents data about wheat pest attack in Transylvania in the last 10 years, under the different climatic, phenological and technological conditions, with details of the correlations of the climatic factors with the bio-ecology of the species or pest groups. Such data may be important for modelling and forecasting wheat pest attacks. The climatic warming, represented strong environmental factors (R2 = 0.43), which led to changes in the species structure, favouring the development of the populations of a narrow spectrum of species becoming dominant and dangerous by numerical increases. In the years 2006-2015, the eudominance of thrips (58%), the dominance of aphids (14%) and of wheat flies (12%), the subdominant species of Chrysomelidae and the increase of entomophagus abundance were revealed. In the year 2016, the weight of the dominant groups of wheat flies (25%), aphids (21%), leafhoppers (18%), thrips (17%), of the subdominant group of Chrysomelidae (10.6%) and cereal bugs (4.5%) increased. Changes in entomocenotic interactions phytophagusentomophagus, changes in pest dynamics, and of optimal moments for treatments important in the development of integrated pest control systems, have occurred in wheat crops. In the conditions of the area, the annual abundance of entomophagus is determined by the annual abundance of phytophagous insects, as expressed by a positive correlation (R2 = 0.464 and D% = 46.4%). Under the conditions of the last 10 years, the annual ratio of the number of phytophagous / entomophagus fluctuated between 2.35 and 12.42. The size of the phytophagous / entomophagus ratio was strongly correlated with the increase of the average annual temperatures, with a percentage determination coefficient D% = 15.5%, having an optimum of the interactions at values of 6.3 phytophagous / 1 entomophagus, and less well correlated with the annual precipitations. These changes in wheat entomocenoses, the biological potential accumulated over the last 10 years and at the level of 2016 indicate the importance of adapting pest control strategies, which should include preventive methods (respecting the optimum sowing time, agro-technical and phytosanitary methods), insecticide treatments on seed and on vegetation, at optimal application times for the groups of pests whose attacks overlap, respectively the first treatment in the spring, no later than the end of tillering, for wheat flies, leafhoppers, Chrysomelidae etc.; the second treatment at the phenophase of flag leaf stage and ear appearance, for thrips, aphids, bugs etc.; and other treatments at warning. Given the importance of entomophagous arthropod fauna in limiting wheat pests it is necessary to protect and use the auxiliary entomophagus, flora biodiversity involved in achieving the productivity and stability of wheat crops.

The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübn.), which is found almost universally in Europe and America, is an extremely important pest from economic point of view (Szőke et al., 2005). European corn borer larvae cause physical injuries to stalks and ears, and promote infections with Fusarium, by carrying the fungus spores from the plant surface to the surfaces of damaged kernels or to the interior of stalks, where infection occurs (Czembor, 2015). On account of the fact that between Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. and Fusarium spp. there is a strong connection, and their presence lead to lower maize production, it's purposed is reducing the corn borer attack, but also the occurrence of maize fusariosis, by applying treatments to the vegetation. The research was carried out at ARDS Turda, in the period 2014-2015 as a bifactorial experience, in which were performed two treatments on growing period, with insecticides, using the products: Avaunt 250 ml/ha (s.a. indoxacarb), Coragen 250 ml/ha (s.a. chlorantraniliprol), Proteus 400 ml/ha (s.a. tiacloprid + deltametrin), Calypso 150 ml/ha (s.a. tiacloprid) and Confidor 400 ml/ha (s.a. imidacloprid + deltametrin), and the biological material was used Turda 165 hybrid. Amid the climatic conditions in the two experimental years (2014)(2015), regarding the frecquency attack of the Ostrinia nubilalis, 2015 proved to be a very favorable year for this pest, and by applying treatments to the vegetation, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. and Fusarium spp. attack has been reduced very significant. In order to combat the european corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) chemically, are recommended products based on: chlorantraniliprol and tiacloprid+deltametrin.