Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid mucositis are the two most common lichenoid lesions of the oral cavity. Oral lichen planus is classified as a potentially malignant condition by the World Health Organization, and lichenoid mucositis has also been shown to have malignant potential. However, some argue that lichen planus or lichenoid mucositis is only premalignant when dysplasia has developed in these lesions and that many cases of lichen planus or lichenoid mucositis with cancer development were in fact either a lichenoid lesion with dysplasia or a primary dysplasia misdiagnosed as oral lichen planus or lichenoid mucositis due to the coexistence of lichenoid features. Here, we summarize what is known about the risk of malignant transformation of these lesions and discuss the ongoing controversies surrounding the diagnostic criteria.

Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used in the world, being applied in several crops, among them soybeans. Recently, glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) have been identified as possible contributors to the emergence of various diseases such as autism, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as cancer. The child population-consuming cereal-based foods is the most exposed to the effects of pesticides because of their developmental phase and they have a higher food intake per kilogram of body weight than adults. The presence of glyphosate and AMPA residues in soy-based infant formulas was evaluated during the years 2012-2017, totalising 105 analyses carried out on 10 commercial brands from different batches. Glyphosate and AMPA were determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after derivatisation reaction. The method was validated and showed accuracy and precision with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 mg kg. Among those samples that contained levels above the LOQ, the variation of glyphosate residues was from 0.03 mg kg to 1.08 mg kg and for AMPA residues was from 0.02 mg kg to 0.17 mg kg. This is the first scientific communication about glyphosate and AMPA contamination in soy-based infant formula in Brazil, The study was conducted under good laboratory practice (GLP) and supported by good scientific practice.

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