No abstract

Flavothione (FT) and a series of 18 hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted flavothiones were screened for photobiological activity. The 5-hydroxy-substituted compounds (group 3) and the methoxy-substituted flavothiones were inactive. FT and the remaining hydroxy-substituted compounds, all displayed photobiological activity. Among these, the 3-hydroxy-substituted compounds (group 2) were the most efficient photosensitizers overall in spite of their concurrent fast photodegradation. FT and all other hydroxyflavothiones, not substituted in the 3- or 5-positions (group 1), were inefficient compared with group 2. Detailed photobiological tests were carried out for four flavothiones of groups 1 and 2. The biological tests included fungi, several strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and mammalian cells. In addition, the ability of these flavothiones to perform lipid peroxidation was evaluated. FT and 6-hydroxyflavothione (group 1) induce DNA damage via H-atom abstraction from the lowest n, pi* triplet state of the thione (oxygen independent). For 3-hydroxy and 3,6-dihydroxyflavothione (group 2), both DNA and the membrane are targets. The mechanism likely involves both energy transfer and electron transfer from the lowest pi, pi* triplet state to oxygen, to form singlet oxygen and the superoxide anion. Some of these compounds could be considered as models for environmentally safe photopesticides.

As Forças Armadas portuguesas confrontam-se com um problema clássico das organizações militares: atrair, formar, reter e preparar a saída dos homens e mulheres que compõem a força. Problema clássico, porém, sempre reatualizado na confluência das mudanças globais repercutidas no setor da Defesa e respetivos contextos sociais e políticos. O presente artigo descreve os movimentos de saída da atividade, por via da passagem à reserva/reforma dos militares de carreira do Exército português. No plano teórico convocam-se modelos da profissão militar à luz dos quais tais processos adquirem sentido. O suporte empírico decorre da análise da legislação enquadrante e de dados quantitativos referentes aos militares que entre 2000 e 2016 passaram à situação de reserva/reforma, um total de 4872 indivíduos. Verifica-se que a reforma é antecedida por um período na reserva, correspondendo maioritariamente a opções individuais de antecipar a saída da carreira, especialmente quando estão iminentes alterações legislativas que afetam a condição militar.

Flavothione (FT) and a series of 18 hydroxy‐ and methoxy‐substituted flavothiones were screened for photobiological activity. The 5‐hydroxy–substituted compounds (group 3) and the methoxy‐substituted flavothiones were inactive. FT and the remaining hydroxy‐substituted compounds, all displayed photobiological activity. Among these, the 3‐hydroxy–substituted compounds (group 2) were the most efficient photosensitizers overall in spite of their concurrent fast photodegradation. FT and all other hydroxyflavothiones, not substituted in the 3‐ or 5‐positions (group 1), were inefficient compared with group 2. Detailed photobiological tests were carried out for four flavothiones of groups 1 and 2. The biological tests included fungi, several strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and mammalian cells. In addition, the ability of these flavothiones to perform lipid peroxidation was evaluated. FT and 6‐hydroxyflavothione (group 1) induce DNA damage via H‐atom abstraction from the lowest n, π* triplet state of the thione (oxygen independent). For 3‐hydroxy and 3,6‐dihydroxyflavothione (group 2), both DNA and the membrane are targets. The mechanism likely involves both energy transfer and electron transfer from the lowest π, π* triplet state to oxygen, to form singlet oxygen and the superoxide anion. Some of these compounds could be considered as models for environmentally safe photopesticides.

ResumoO artigo reflete sobre o lugar da Sociologia na formação académica de oficiais, tomando como principal referência a Academia M ilitar, instituição onde se formam os oficiais que ingressarão nos quadros do Exército e da Guarda N acional Republicana. Caracteriza-se a presença da Sociologia no ensino universitário militar, faz-se um enquadramento histórico e compara-se tendências internacionais. N este percurso, ressalta a grande diversidade de situações, bem como as resistências que foi necessário ultrapassar. Em Portugal, a incorporação de abordagens sociológicas na Academia M ilitar antecedeu a institucionalização universitária da Sociologia e foi mais precoce e bem aceite do que em países com antigas e fortes tradições sociológicas.