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Até meados dos anos 1980, o pacto sócio-político estabelecido entre os agricultores e a sociedade européia tinha como elemento fundamental a produção, a baixos custos, de alimentos e matérias-primas, sendo a Política Agrária Comum (PAC) o instrumento que tornava isso possível. Graças à concessão de subvenções e à preferência comunitária dentro das fronteiras européias, a PAC tornou possível a garantia das rendas dos agricultores, a modernização dos estabelecimentos, bem como a oferta de alimentos a preços acessíveis aos estratos médios da população consumidora. Durante quase três décadas, esse pacto social propiciou um processo espetacular de modernização agrária, baseado, sobretudo, na mecanização das unidades de produção e na quimificação dos processos produtivos, permitindo alcançar incrementos elevados na produtividade dos cultivos e criações.O modelo produtivista funcionava "à velocidade de cruzeiro", guiado pela eficácia produtiva e sem que se questionassem as externalidades negativas, que, em seu curso, iam sendo geradas. O avanço dos movimentos ecologistas, durante a década de 1980, e a aparição dos primeiros efeitos negativos produzidos sobre o ambiente natural, pelo padrão intensivo de agricultura, trouxeram consigo grandes preocupações desde a perspectiva dos interesses agraristas, que viam questionada a legitimidade tradicional de uma atividade suposta-

In Tunisia, during the initial years of the democratic transition, the number of registered associations has doubled. The few studies available point out that a significant proportion of the new associations' membership is made up of young people. This specific participation of young people in the network of associations that emerged from 2011 onwards is not very well-known either. In this article, we wish to contribute primarily to providing information that facilitates understanding of the changes that have taken place in the associative sector and in the participation of young people in it. Furthermore, we believe that Tunisia is, in a way, a 'laboratory' in which civic participation in contexts of democratic consolidation can be explored. Specifically, using data obtained from two surveys conducted in 2015 and 2016 we propose, first, to examine the profile of the young people active in the associations and the areas in which their associations intervene, in order to see to what extent the argument regarding the plural representation of the heterogeneity of young people can be verified through the network of associations. Second, we aim to evaluate the contribution of socialisation through associations to the inculcation of a democratic culture that would be verified in the electoral behaviour of young association activists. Third, we aim to open a debate about the possible 'macro' or systemic effects of these data; that is to say, about the representation of pluralism and diversity in Tunisian society, as well as the legitimation of democratic institutions.

Despite the geopolitical world context, which is characterised by increasing boundaries to human mobility in an uneven realm full of walls and borders, the current pattern of tourism has not been diminished. In fact, translocal mobility, reflecting a wide range of motivations, emotions, tools, destinations and strategies, provides new opportunities to analyse, experiment and propose new smart policies that facilitate the transition to unexplored tourism models. Particularly remarkable are the experiences in many places regarding the role of tourists as visitors and locals as residents in experimental interventions for empowering local communities in remote coastal regions. This is the case of the coastal village of Zumaia (Basque Country) in Spain, which is establishing a new participatory local strategy for tourism after two remarkable events with clear tourism-related consequences for the community: first, the success in attacting and gaining 50% of visitors to the high-valued geological area of the Basque Coast Global Geopark 1 , particularly also known as the flysch, and second, the filming of scenes from Season 7 of the blockbuster TV series Game of Thrones in the surroundings of the village. This paper thus will depict the specific current touristic, social, economic and political context of Zumaia to better understand the project that has recently kicked off: 'Experimenting with Smart Tourism Labs'. This project, based on ethnographic and strategic techniques derived from action research, aims to set up a participatory itinerary while implementing a prospective view by considering a wide range of stakeholders. The multistakeholder scheme will follow the Penta-Helix framework by encompassing local authorities, the private sector, academia and research centres, civil society and social entrepreneurs and activists. Ultimately, the inner perception and outside projection of the touristic assets shared by residents and visitors contribute as much as activities and the infrastructure in the village do toward establishing a credible translocal tourism strategy. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that Zumaia be developed as a 'smart destination' without input from the different stakeholders. As such, 'smart' technological solutions that take advantage of the so-called Open Data or Big Data, in the era of 'dataism', have not always been focused on necessities and usability. In order to shed some light on this debate, this paper will present some preliminary methodological guidelines to undertake the aforementioned action research project in the village of Zumaia. By blending hospitality management, experience economy, 'knowmads' and millennials and by connecting talent and sustainable tourism, among other trends, this paper explores the opportunities for Zumaia in the Basque Coast Geopark by setting up a 'Smart Tourism Lab'. More broadly, the 'Smart Tourism Lab' will consider the village itself as an open platform merging technological ownership, local economy, culturally-rooted tradition, inclusive identity, inte...