A novel electrode based on orange peel derived C-dots decorated CuO nanorods (CR@C-dot) modified lead pencil (LP) electrode has been fabricated for highly sensitive and selective monitoring of dopamine (DA). Prior to the functionalization with C-dot, electrochemical efficacy of CR was evaluated and compared with CuO nano-needles (CN) and nano-spheres (CS). The morphology, surface area and composition of synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), N 2 -adsorption-desorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our results indicated that CR has high electrocatalytic activity compared to CN and CS by expositing greater fraction of catalytic active sites, large surface area and short diffusion pathways. The electrochemical efficacy of CR is further enhanced by decorating with orange peel derived C-dots, which surprisingly lead to the integrations of surfaceactive sites with current collectors with minimum resistance by acting as an electron transport mediator and providing more surface defects. The developed CR@Cdot sensor enables highly sensitive and selective recognition of DA detection (0.0007 μM), over good linear range (5-2250 μM) with rapid response time. the developed CR@C-dot sensor was successfully used to monitor the DA from deboned chicken, thus suggesting reliability of the developed electrode.

Several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and restless leg syndrome, majorly result from disruption in the dopamine (DA) level.

Herein, we synthesized hollow cubic caves of CuO (HC) and wrapped it with N-rich graphitic C (NC), derived from a novel biogenic mixture composed of dopamine (DA) and purine. The synthesized NC wrapped HC (NC@HC) sensor shows enhanced electrocatalytic efficacy compared to unwrapped CuO with shapes including HC, sponge (SP), cabbage (CB), and solid icy cubes (SC). The shape and composition of synthesized materials were confirmed through field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), whereas interfacial surface energy was calculated through contact angle measurement. The designed NC@HC sensor shows a remarkable response toward the simultaneous detection of uric acid (UA) and xanthine (Xn) with detection limits of 0.017 ± 0.001 (S/N of 3) and 0.004 ± 0.001 μM (S/N of 3), respectively. In addition, this platform was successfully applied to monitor UA from the gout patient serum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using such novel NC@HC materials for the simultaneous monitoring of UA and Xn.

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