The protection of tropical forests is one of the most urgent issues in conservation biology because of the rapid deforestation that has occurred over the last 50 years. Even in protected forests, the anthropogenic effects from newly expanding villages such as harvesting of medicinal plants, pasturing cattle and forest fires can induce environmental modifications, especially on the forest floor. We evaluated the anthropogenic effects of the daily activities of neighboring residents on natural forests in 12 plots extending from the village boundary into a natural forest in Thailand. The basal area per unit land area did not present a significant trend; however, the species diversity of woody plants decreased linearly towards the village boundary, which caused a loss of individual density because of severe declines in small saplings compared with adult trees and large saplings in proximity to the village. An analysis of tree-size categories indicates a lack of small samplings near the village boundary. The current forest appears to be well protected based on the adult tree canopy, but regeneration of the present-day forests is unlikely because of the loss of seedlings.

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The objectives of the present study were (1) to develop a model of the causal relationships between the factors influencing the performance of green organizations (GPM) managing energy-saving buildings in Bangkok and vicinity and (2) to evaluate the consistency between the model constructs and empirical data. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. For the quantitative approach, a survey questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 456 representatives of green organizations managing energy-saving buildings in Bangkok and vicinity. As regards the qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted to validate the conceptual framework developed for this research. Then the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including a structural equation analysis and a Chi-square test. The findings were as follows. First, environmental leadership and environmental innovations had a positive effect on the organizational culture of the green organizations. Also, the environmental management, environmental leadership, environmental innovations, and organizational culture of the green organizations exerted a positive impact on their competitive advantage. In addition, the organizational culture and competitive advantage of the green organizations wielded a positive influence on their performance. Finally, the constructs of the structural equation model were consistent with the empirical data at a satisfactory level with the 2 value of 453.977, the df value of 452, the 2/df of 1.004, the p-value of 0.465, the goodness of fit index (GFI) value of 0.946, the adjusted GFI, or AGFI, value of 0.925, and the root mean square error of estimation (RMSEA) value of 0.003.

Bird watching is one of the attractive ecotourism activities for travelers and nature enthusiasts, which rapidly growing in Thailand. This study aims to: (1) explore bird diversity in various green spaces in ValayaAlongkorn Rajabhat University (VRU); and (2) examine which bird species dominates the study areas. Bird data were collected using point count techniques in two sessions; early morning, and late afternoon, at VRU from May 2020 to April 2021. Frequency of occurrence value (FQ) was analyzed for classifying status groups of birds in the VRU. Order Passeriformes was numerically the dominant order in our study area, with 22 species (47.7% of total represented species), while the other bird orders were the least dominant, represented by 1 to 5 species in range. A total of 47 species of birds belonging to 29 Families and 12 Orders were recorded. During this study, significantly, the highest bird richness was recorded in agriculture areas (35 ± 2.3 SD), followed by the species from recreation areas (27 ± 1.8 SD) and natural wetland (17 ± 1.7 SD) (P>0.05). Five migrant bird species and 35 resident species were observed, and 10 bird species were recorded in both the seasonal status as migrant and resident species. Most of the bird species are listed as of least concern, while only one species, Mycteria leucocephala, are listed as near-threatened. Nine bird species are classified as common species in the VRU with > 80 % of frequency of occurrence. The pattern of bird diversity in the VRU in general follows the natural condition of green area space in the VRU. Typical characteristics of birds, their habitat and appearing period can develop bird-watching objects, which become interesting attractions for travelers and nature enthusiasts, promoting ecotourism development and efforts to conserve bird diversity.

This research aims to study the alteration of spatial pollution compounds to the eutrophication phenomenon in water resources during the COVID-19 situation. Sixteen water resources were monitored to examine the impact of spatial pollution compound on eutrophication phenomenon discovered from the activities of the Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University under the Royal Patronage. The analytical parameters were DO, nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonia (NH3), phosphate (PO4-), and Total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) collected in three months (November 2020, January 2021, and March 2021). This research has presented the differences in water resource characters in three months and the positive impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on wastewater. The total nitrogen was highest in November 2020 when compared with that of in January and March 2021 because it was a ‘normal situation’ (no lockdown) in November. The student, officer, lecturer, and government visitors came to use the facilities of the university. The results of total kjeldahl nitrogen showed a high range during the working period. The effect of P was higher on the water bodies in November than January and March because in November was a normal situation (no lockdown). The N:P ratio showed different trends to the eutrophication phenomenon with nitrogen and phosphate. Therefore, a comparison between a situation with lockdown and no lockdown showed that the lockdown situation was environment friendly. Finally, the results also confirm an improvement in environmental quality, which happened when humans were absent, especially in coronavirus circumstances.