From 2000 to 2009, natural disasters damaged and destroyed about one million objects, which directly affected nearly 2.5 billion people worldwide. Increasing seismic activity in the Vrancea and Black Sea regions, as well as on the planet as a whole, has led to an increase in seismic hazard throughout Ukraine. Ukraine (and not only the Carpathian and Crimean regions, as it was previously thought) is a zone where potentially possible earthquakes, and quite strong. In areas with weakened soils, 7-8-ball effects can be observed. For a long time, during the course of the twentieth century and until now, seismic security of construction in the territory of Ukraine is mainly associated with regional estimates of seismicity, which, according to the results of researches of specialists of the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and others, correlated with so-called seismically active zones, mountain structures of Crimea and the Carpathians and the foothills. According to the estimates of the departments of the State Geological Survey of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Regional Development and Building and other 70% of the territory of Ukraine, forest and loamy formations of I and II categories of draft are developed, 25% of developed open and semi-open karst, the processes of man-made flooding cover up to 10-15% of the industrial urban agglomerations. The most complex impact on the technogenic deterioration of engineering-seismological conditions is associated with flooding, as a result of which occur the following processes in the upper zone of the geological environment, where the stress-strain state of the base of objects is formed: deformation of the front of seismic waves in the substructure of buildings at contact level groundwater with foundations and maintenance of increased pore pressure; decrease of stability of shift-dangerous areas; the formation of zones for the formation of plumes and thixotropic transformations of water of saturated clay rocks; man-made generation of land-summerers during floods, mining operations in areas of influence of large water reservoirs. In general, a significant complex of changes in the stress-strain state of the geological environment due to natural and man-made factors increases the probability of occurrence of resonance phenomena in the system of "soil rock foundationbuilding construction" due to a wide spectrum of seismic shock shocks and man-made microseismic influences. In the article the algorithm of system harmonization of various requirements and indicators of soil ground reliability is considered with the help of compromise of opposite goals by means of formation of Pareto set. The practical possibility of obtaining the Pareto set is illustrated numerically.
Landslides represent a major threat to human life, constructed facilities, infrastructure and natural en-vironment in many regions of the world. During the decade 2000-2009, natural disasters caused nearly one million facilities, affecting nearly 2.5 billion people across the globe. The landslide frequency of about 20 major events per year in Europe is the highest compared to floods, earthquakes and cyclones. All 50 States and the U.S. territories are subjected to landslides and other ground-failure problems; 36 States have changed (from moderate to highly) the severe landslide hazards. Landslides in the USA constitute a serious hazard. They cause the substantial human and financial losses, estimated as 25…50 deaths annually and to cost approximately $ 1 billion to $ 3 billion per year. Activation of seismic activity in Vrancea area, the Black Sea region and in the whole world has led to increase level of seismic hazard in Ukraine and in the finally growth relevant provoke factors of landslide movement. Whole Ukraine, not only as earlier considered Carpathian and Crimean regions, is now an area with high potential risk of future huge earthquakes. "... Іn areas with reduced characteristics of soil (frequent flooding, landslides, etc.) can be observed 7-8-magnitude effects",said the deputy director of the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine O. Kendzera. Before the Japanese earthquake (11.03.2011) considered in the world that at 9-magnitude earthquake acceleration of ground can be maximum of 0,4 g. "But the Japanese catastrophy showed whole 2,7 g. This led to much more damage than expected. This means that now is the time when we must to correct all parameters of earthquakes,"says S. Ohasyan, the director of the Armenian Institute of Geophysics and Engineering Seismology. And О. Kendzera added: "... we must to correct initial data, that designers will use in the projects of buildings and construction". In the early stages of the design of anti-slip structures for operational approximate calculations of the slope and shear pressure coefficient, a program is required that has the following properties: ease of use; graphical, human-oriented interface; is based on tried and tested mathematical methods; endowed with a pleasant form of presentation of the results of calculations (graphical and tabular forms); speed of calculations, etc. LANDSLIDE meets these requirements. An example of taking into account seismic factors when calculating slopes according to the second group of boundary states is considering. A typical calculation using the LANDSLIDE program is given. Тhe slope stability coefficients was calculated using the LANDSLIP program by Maslow-Berer and Shakhutnyants methods. By using the limit equilibrium theory, the mechanism of "unloading the accumulated tension" in the slope massive during an earthquake is described. . Екологічна безпека та природокористування, № 1 (33), 2020 А.П. Сіренко Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря ...
The problem of assessing the stability of slopes is quite relevant in the development of mineral deposits in an open way, in hydraulic engineering and transport, industrial and civil engineering, as well as in other areas of human activity. Attempts to obtain the correct method of calculation led to the emergence of a large number of methods, methods of calculation and calculation schemes: their diversity is explained by the number of assumptions used by researchers to justify the calculation scheme and stability conditions. The task of determining the parameters of a steady slope or bearing capacity of the base in most cases is statically uncertain. Therefore, for the determination of unknown reactions, the authors put forward additional conditions (assumptions). The variety of existing methods for calculating the stability of slopes caused the need to classify them by one or another feature. Based on a detailed analysis of work in this area, four groups of basic assumptions put forward by researchers for substantiation of the calculation scheme for calculating the stability of slopes, obtaining stability conditions (equilibrium) of the shift prisms, the selection of the shape and position of the weakest surface of slip in the slopes were identified. These are assumptions such as: about the condition of the boundary stress state at each point of the bias prism (the method of the boundary stress state); about the distribution of normal reactions along the surface of the slip (methods of a monolithic compartment of collapse, that is, when considering the balance of the prism of the shear completely); the ratio of tangential and normal reactions at the lateral sides of the compartments (the reaction is horizontal, inclined or marginal rejected); in relation to the shape and position (geometry) of the potential (weakest) surface of the slide. In conclusion, it was concluded that the method of the boundary stress state is most useful for preventing collapses, then studying the shape of slopes and external loading, at which a possible collapse. The method of boundary equilibrium, in turn, is desirable to use for the analysis of a strained state of landslides.
Early warning systems are an effective tool for preventing and mitigating the risks associated with the occurrences of various types of threats (including landslides). The paper presents and describes the concept and practical implementation of the new integrated methodology for early warning systems based on the integration of modern monitoring technologies and comprehensive numerical modeling of an object under study. Designing, testing and operation of monitoring systems of complex and unique construction objects have a lot of difficulties, need system knowledge in several spheres of science and engineering: construction, informational technologies, measuring instruments, systems and algorithms of data processing, programming etc. This information is known only to narrow range of highly qualified specialists that directly participated in designing and installing of the particular monitoring system at the particular construction object. The basic concept of Early Warning System installed on landslides is that the elements at risk, especially people being close from the dangerous area, must have sufficient time to evacuate, if an imminent collapse is expected. Therefore, an effective Early Warning System shall include such four main sets of actions: monitoring of the activity of the observed object, i.e. the data collection and transmission, as well as the equipment maintenance; the analysis and modeling of the observed and studied object; warning, i.e. the dissemination of simple and clear information about the observed object; the effective response of risk exposed elements; full understanding of risks. The examples of the practical application of the proposed integrated methodology to various construction projects and natural and technological systems are given, including 1) Central Livadia Landslide System and Livadia Palace; 2) a system for landslide hazard areas monitoring in the Kharkiv region; and 3) landslides Early Warning System using unmanned aerial vehicles as a specialized monitoring system for shearing deformations.
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